108
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Determinants of the risk and timing of alcohol and illicit drug use onset among natives and non‐natives: Similarities and differences in family attachment processes

, &
Pages 100-121 | Published online: 23 Aug 2010

References

  • Alexander , P. C. 1992 . Application of attachment theory to the study of sexual abuse. Special Section: Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse . J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. , 60 (2) : 185 – 195 .
  • Allison , P. D. 1984 . Event history analysis: Regression for longitudinal event data , CA : Sage Publications .
  • Barnes , G. M. , Farrell , M. P. and Cairns , A. 1986 . Parental socialization factors and adolescent drinking behaviours . J. Marr. Fam. , 48 (1) : 27 – 36 .
  • Barthwell , A. G. 1995 . Alcoholism in the family: A multicultural exploration . Recent Develop. Alcohol. , 12 : 387 – 407 .
  • Bean , N. M. 1993 . Elucidating the path toward alcohol and substance abuse by adolescent victims of sexual abuse . J. Appl. Soc. Sci. , 17 (1) : 57 – 94 .
  • Beauvais , F. 1992 . American Indian and Alaska . Native Mental Health Research , 5 (1) : 1 – 78 .
  • Berman , J. D. and Atkinson , R. M. 1994 . Predicting acceptance of treatment in male dual‐diagnosis outpatients . Amer. J. Addict. , 3 (3) : 213 – 221 .
  • Bierut , L. J. , Dinwiddie , S. H. , Begleiter , H. , Crowe , R. R. , Hesselbrock , V. , Nurnberger , J. I. Jr. , Porjesz , B. , Schucket , M. A. and Reich , T. 1998 . Familial transmission of substance dependence: Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and habitual smoking: A report from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism . Arch. Gen. Psychiat. , 55 (11) : 964 – 965 .
  • Biron , L. L. , Brochu , S. and Desjardins , L. 1995 . The issue of drugs and crime among a sample of incarcerated women . Deviant Behav. , 16 (1) : 25 – 43 .
  • Black , C. , Bucky , S. F. and Wilder‐Padilla , S. 1986 . The interpersonal and emotional consequences of being an adult child of an alcoholic . Intnl. J. Addict. , 21 (2) : 213 – 231 .
  • Blackson , T. C. and Tarter , R. E. 1994 . Individual, family, and peer affiliation factors predisposing to early onset of alcohol and drug abuse . Alcohol. Clin. Exper. Res. , 18 (4) : 813 – 821 .
  • Blankfield , A. 1990 . Female alcoholics: II. The expression of alcoholism in relation to gender and age . Acta Psychiat. Scand. , 81 (5) : 448 – 452 .
  • Blossfeld , H. , Hamerle , A. and Mayer , K. U. 1989 . Event history analysis: Statistical theory and applications in the social sciences , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Bowlby , J. 1969 . Attachment and loss: Volume I Attachment , Volume I , New York : Basic Books .
  • _____ . 1989 . “ Attachment and personality development ” . In The Course of Life, Vol. I, Infancy , Edited by: Greenspan , S. and Pollock , G. H. Vol. I , Madison , CT : International Univ. Press .
  • Brewin , C. R. , Andrews , B. and Gotub , I. H. 1993 . Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports . Psychol. Bull. , 113 (1) : 82 – 98 .
  • Brown , G. L. , Albaugh , B. J. , Robin , R. W. and Goodson , S. G. 1992–93 . Alcoholism and substance abuse among selected Southern Cheyenne Indians . Cult. Med. Psychiat. , 16 (4) : 531 – 542 .
  • Cheng , Andrew T. A. and Chen , Wei J. 1995 . Alcoholism among four aboriginal groups in Taiwan: High prevalences and their implications . Alcohol. Clin. Exper. Res. , 19 (1) : 81 – 91 .
  • Clapper , R. L. 1992 . The Reducer Augmenter Scale, the Revised Reducer Augmenter Scale, and predicting late adolescent substance use . Personal. Individ. Diff. , 13 (7) : 813 – 820 .
  • Clapper , R. L. , Buka , S. L. , Goldfield , E. C. , Lipsett , L. P. and Tsuang , T. T. 1995 . Adolescent problem behaviours as predictors of adult alcohol diagnoses . Intnl. J. Addict. , 30 (5) : 507 – 523 .
  • Conger , R. D. , Lorenz , F. O. , Elder , G. H. , Melby , J. N. , Simons , R. L. and Conger , K. J. 1991 . A process model of family economic pressure and early adolescent alcohol use . J. Early Adol. , 11 (4) : 430 – 449 .
  • Conry , J. 1990 . Neuropsychological deficits in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects . Alcoholism: Clin. Exper. Res. , 14 (5) : 650 – 655 .
  • Cooley , C. H. 1962 . Social organization: A study of the larger mind , New York : Schocken Books .
  • Coombs , R. H. , Paulson , M. J. and Richardson , M. A. 1991 . Peer versus parental influence in substance use among Hispanic and Anglo children and adolescents . J. Youth Adol. , 20 (1) : 73 – 88 .
  • Cox , D. R. 1972 . Regression models and life tables (with discussion) . J. Roy. Statist. Soc. (Series B) , 34 : 184 – 220 .
  • Crittenden , P. M. 1995 . “ Attachment and psychopathology ” . In Attachment theory: Social, developmental and clinical perspectives , Edited by: Goldberg , S. , Muir , R. and Kerr , J. Hillsdale , NJ : The Atlantic Press .
  • Cutrona , C. , Cole , V. , Assouline , N. and Assouline , S. G. 1994 . Perceived parental social support and academic achievement: An attachment theory perspective . J. Person. Soc. Psychol. , 66 (2) : 369 – 378 .
  • De Wilde , E. J. , Kienhorst , C. W. M. , Diekstra , R. F. W. and Wolters , W. H. G. 1994 . Social support, life events, and behavioral characteristics of psychologically distressed adolescents at high risk for attempting suicide . Adolescence , 29 (113) : 49 – 60 .
  • De Wit , David J. , Offord , D. R. and Wong , M. 1997 . Patterns of onset and cessation of drug use over the early part of the life course . Hlth. Educ. Behav. , 24 (6) : 746 – 758 .
  • Dinwiddie , S. H. , Reich , T. and Clontnger , R. C. 1992 . Patterns of lifetime drug use among intravenous drag users . J. Subst. Abuse , 4 (1) : 1 – 11 .
  • Dupre , D. , Miller , N. , Gold , M. and Rospenda , K. 1995 . Initiation and progression of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use among adolescent abusers . Amer. J. Addict. , 4 (1) : 43 – 48 .
  • Durst , D. 1991 . Conjugal violence: Changing attitudes in two northern Native communities . Commun. Mental Hlth. J. , 27 (5) : 359 – 373 .
  • Embree , B. G. 1993 . Native Canadian Community Drug and Alcohol Research Project , London , Ontario : Huron County Health Unit .
  • Embree , B. G. and De Wit , M. L. 1997 . Family background characteristics and relationship satisfaction in a Native community in Canada . Soc. Biol. , 44 (1–2) : 42 – 54 .
  • Famularo , R. , Kinscherff , R. and Fenton , T. 1992 . Parental substance abuse and the nature of child maltreatment . Child Abuse Neglect , 16 (4) : 475 – 483 .
  • Famularo , R. , Stone , K. , Barnum , R. and Wharton , R. 1986 . Alcoholism and severe child maltreatment . Ame. J. Orthopsychiat. , 56 (3) : 481 – 485 .
  • Fergusson , D. M. , Horwood , L. J. and Lynskey , M. T. 1994 . Parental separation, adolescent psychopathology, and problem behaviors . J. Amer. Acad. Child Adoles. Psychiat. , 33 (8) : 1122 – 1131 .
  • Fergusson , D. M. , Lynskey , M. T. and Horwood , L. J. 1993 . Conduct problems and attention deficit behaviour in middle childhood and cannabis use by age 15 . Austral. New Zealand J. Psychiat. , 27 : 673 – 682 .
  • Fonagy , P. , Steele , M. , Steele , H. , Leigh , T. , Kennedy , R. , Mattoon , G. and Target , M. 1995 . “ Attachment, the reflective self, and border line states: The predictive specificity of the adult attachment interview and pathological emotional development ” . In Attachment theory: Social, developmental and clinical perspectives , 233 – 278 . Hillsdale , NJ : Analytic Press Inc. .
  • Fox , K. M. and Gilbert , B. O. 1994 . The interpersonal and psychological functioning of women who experienced childhood physical abuse, incest, and parental alcoholism . Child Abuse Neglect , 18 : 849 – 858 .
  • Foxcroft , D. R. and Lowe , G. 1991 . Adolescent drinking behaviour and family socialization factors: A meta‐analysis . J. Adoles. , 14 (3) : 255 – 273 .
  • Friedman , A. S. , Granick , S. , Bransfield , S. , Kreisher , C. and Schwarz , A. 1996 . The consequences of drug use/abuse for vocational career: A longitudinal study of a male urban African‐American sample . Amer. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse , 22 (1) : 57 – 73 .
  • Fullerton , D. T. , Wonderlich , S. A. and Gosnell , B. A. 1995 . Clinical characteristics of eating disorder patients who report sexual or physical abuse . Intnl. J. Eating Disord. , 17 (3) : 243 – 249 .
  • Garcia‐Andrade , C. , Wall , T. L. and Ehlers , C. L. 1997 . The firewater myth and response to alcohol in Mission Indians . Amer. J. Psychiat. , 154 (7) : 983 – 988 .
  • Gfellner , B. M. and Hundleby , J. D. 1991 . Family and peer predictors of substance use among aboriginal and non‐aboriginal adolescents . Canad. J. Native Stud. , 11 (2) : 367 – 394 .
  • Goldman , D. , Urbanek , M. , Guenther , D. , Robin , R. and Long , J. C. 1998 . A functionally deficient DRD2 variant [Ser311Cys] is not linked to alcoholism and substance abuse . Alcohol , 16 (1) : 47 – 52 .
  • Golub , A. and Johnson , B. D. 1994 . The shifting importance of alcohol and marijuana as gateway substances among serious drug abusers . J. Stud. Alcohol , 55 (5) : 607 – 614 .
  • Goodale , T. S. and Stoner , S. B. 1994 . Sexual abuse as a correlate of women's alcohol abuse . Psychol. Rep. , 75 : 1496 – 1498 .
  • Green , J. M. 1996 . Proposal for a structured assessment of parenting based on attachment theory: Theoretical background, description and initial clinical experience . Europ. Child Adoles. Psychiat. , 5 (3) : 133 – 138 .
  • Grichting , W. L. and Barber , J. G. 1989 . The impact of quality of family life on drug consumption . Intnl. J. Addict , 24 (10) : 963 – 971 .
  • Grobsmith , E. S. 1989 . The relationship between substance abuse and crime among Native American inmates in the Nebraska Department of Correction . Hum. Org. , 48 (4) : 285 – 298 .
  • Gutierres , S. E. , Russo , N. and Urbanski , L. 1994 . Sociocultural and psychological factors in American Indian drug use: Implications for treatment . Intnl. J. Addict. , 29 (14) : 1761 – 1786 .
  • Harris , J. R. 1995 . Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development . Psychol. Rev. , 102 (3) : 458 – 489 .
  • Harris , S. R. , MacKay , L. J. and Osborn , J. A. 1995 . Autistic behaviours in offspring of mothers abusing alcohol and other drugs: A series of case reports . Alcoholism: Clin. Exper. Res. , 19 (3) : 660 – 665 .
  • Heath , D. T. 1998 . “ Parents’ socialization of children in global perspective ” . In Seeing Ourselves. , 4th ed. , Edited by: Macionis , J. J. and Benokraitis , N. V. Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Heikktnen , M. E. , Isometsa , E. T. , Aro , H. M. , Sarna , S. J. and Lonnqvist , J. K. 1995 . Age‐related variation in recent life events preceding suicide . J. Nerv. Mental Dis. , 183 (5) : 325 – 331 .
  • Hernandez , J. T. 1992 . Substance abuse among sexually abused adolescents and their families . J. Adoles. Hlth. , 13 : 658 – 662 .
  • Hughes , S. P. and Dodder , R. 1984 . Alcohol consumption patterns among American Indian and white college students . J. Stud. Alcohol , 45 (5) : 433 – 439 .
  • Humphrey , J. A. and Friedman , J. 1986 . The onset of drinking and intoxication among university students . Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. J. Stud. Alcohol , 47 (6) : 455 – 458 .
  • Hussey , D. L. and Singer , M. 1993 . Psychological distress, problem behaviors, and family functioning of sexually abused adolescent inpatients . J. Amer. Acad. Child Adoles. Psychiat. , 32 (5) : 954 – 961 .
  • Johnson , D. 1994 . Stress, depression, substance use and racism . American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Res. , 6 (1) : 29 – 33 .
  • Kalbfleisch , J. and Prentice , R. 1980 . The statistical analysis of failure time data , New York : Wiley .
  • Kandel , D. B. , Yamaguchi , K. and Chen , K. 1992 . Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: Further evidence for the gateway theory . J. Studi. Alcohol , 53 (5) : 447 – 457 .
  • Kirmayer , L. 1994 . Suicide among Canadian aboriginal people . Transcult. Psychiat. Rev. , 31 : 3 – 12 .
  • Lamanna , M. 1982 . Alcohol related birth defects: Implications for education . J. Drug Educ. , 12 (2) : 113 – 123 .
  • Latham , P. K. and Napier , T. L. 1992 . Psychosocial consequences of alcohol misuse in the family of origin . Intnl. J. Addict. , 27 (10) : 1137 – 1158 .
  • Lee , G. P. and DiClimente , C. C. 1985 . Age of onset versus duration of problem drinking on the Alcohol Use Inventory . J. Stud. Alcohol , 46 (5) : 398 – 402 .
  • Lex , B. W. , Goldberg , M. E. , Mendelson , J. H. , Lawler , N. S. and Bower , T. 1994 . Components of antisocial personality disorder among women convicted for drunken driving . Annals New York Acad. Sci. , 708 : 49 – 58 .
  • Liban , C. B. and Smart , R. G. 1982 . Drinking and drug use among Ontario Indian students . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 9 : 161 – 171 .
  • Lisak , D. and Luste , L. 1994 . Education, occupational, and relationship histories of men who were sexually and/or physically abused as children . J. Traum. Stress , 7 (4) October : 507 – 523 .
  • Lujan , C. , DeBruyn , L. M. , May , P. A. and Bird , M. E. 1989 . Profile of abused and neglected American Indian children in the Southwest . Child Abuse Neglect , 13 : 449 – 461 .
  • May , P. A. 1982 . Substance abuse and American Indians: Prevalence and susceptibility . Intnl. J. Addict. , 7 : 1185 – 1209 .
  • _____ . 1991 . Fetal alcohol effects among North American Indians: Evidence and implications for society . Alcohol Res. Wld. , 15 (3) : 239 – 248 .
  • McKenna , T. and Pickens , R. 1981 . Alcoholic children of alcoholics . J. Stud. Alcohol , 42 : 1021 – 1029 .
  • Merikangas , K. R. , Rounsaville , B. J. and Prusoff , B. A. 1992 . “ Vulnerability to drug abuse ” . In Familial factors in vulnerability to substance abuse , Edited by: Meyer , D. , Glantz , R. and Pickens , R. W. 75 – 97 . Washington, D.C. : American Psychological Association .
  • Merikangas , K. R. , Stolar , M. , Stevens , D. E. , Goulet , J. , Preisig , M. A. , Fenton , B. , Zhang , H. , O'Malley , S. S. and Rounsaville , B. J. 1998 . Familial transmission of substance use disorders . Arch. Gen. Psychiat. , 55 (11) : 973 – 979 .
  • Merskey , H. , Brant , C. C. , Malla , A. , Helmes , E. and Mohr , V. Symptom patterns of alcoholism in a Northern Ontario population . Canad. J. Psychiat , 33 (1) 46 – 50 .
  • Mian , M. , Marton , P. , LeBaron , D. and Birtwistle , D. 1994 . Familial risk factors associated with intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of three to five year old girls . Canad. J. Psychiat. , 39 (6) : 348 – 353 .
  • Miller , N. , Szczucki , D. , Gibbons , R. D. and Kakuma , T. 1993 . Familial alcoholism in cocaine addicts . Alcohol. Treat. Quart. , 10 (1–2) : 77 – 93 .
  • Morrissette , P. J. 1994 . The holocaust of First Nation people: Residual effects on parenting and treatment implications . Contemp. Fam. Therapy: Intnl. J. , 16 (5) : 381 – 392 .
  • Niezen , R. 1993 . Power and dignity: The social consequences of hydro‐electric developments for the James Bay Cree . Canad. Rev. Sociol. Anthrop. , 30 (4) : 510 – 59 .
  • Oetting , E. R. , Edwards , R. W. and Beauvais , F. 1989 . Drugs and Native‐American youth . Drugs Society , 3 (1–2) : 1 – 34 .
  • O'Hara , M. 1995 . Is it time for clinical psychology to deconstruct constructivism? Special Issue. Constructivism in psychotherapy: Limits and lessons . J. Construct. Psychol. , 8 (4) : 293 – 303 .
  • Okwumabua , J. O. and Duryea , E. J. 1987 . Age of onset, periods of risk, and patterns and progression in drug use among American Indian high school students . Intnl. J. Addict. , 22 (12) : 1269 – 1276 .
  • Ontario Ministry of Health . 1995 . Ontario Health Survey: Mental Health Supplement Volume 1 , Toronto, Ontario , , Canada User's Manual
  • Omran , A. R. 1971 . The epidemiological transition: A theory of the epidemiology of population change . Milbank Mem.I Fund Quart. , 45 : 509 – 538 .
  • Parker , D. A. and Harford , T. C. 1988 . Alcohol‐related problems, marital disruption and depressive symptoms among adult children alcohol abusers in the United States . J. Stud. Alcohol , 49 (4) : 306 – 313 .
  • Peterson , P. L. , Hawkins , D. J. , Abbott , R. D. and Catalano , R. F. 1994 . Disentangling the effects of parental drinking, family management, and parental alcohol norms on current drinking by black and white adolescents . J. Res. Adoles. , 4 (2) : 203 – 227 .
  • Pistole , C. M. 1995 . Adult attachment style and narcissistic vulnerability. Special Section: Contemporary structural psychoanalysis and relational psychoanalysis . Psychoanal. Psychol. , 12 (1) : 115 – 126 .
  • Rutter , M. 1995 . Clinical implications of attachment concepts: Retrospect and prospect . J. Child Psychol. Psychiat. , 36 (4) : 549 – 571 .
  • Singer , J. D. and Willett , J. B. 1991 . Modeling the days of our lives: Using survival analysis when designing and analyzing longitudinal studies of duration and the timing of events . Psychol. Bull. , 110 (2) : 268 – 290 .
  • Smart , L. , Chibucos , T. R. and Didder , L. A. 1990 . Adolescent substance use and perceived family functioning . J. Fam. Iss. , 11 (2) : 208 – 227 .
  • Soderstrom , C. A. 1994 . Detecting alcohol‐related problems in trauma centre patients . Alcohol Hlth. Res. Wrld. , 18 (2) : 127 – 130 .
  • SPSS Inc . 1994 . SPSS Advanced Statistics 6.1 , Chicago , IL : SPSS Inc. .
  • Stoker , A. and Swadi , H. 1990 . Perceived family relationships in drug abusing adolescents . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 25 : 293 – 297 .
  • Swaim , R. C. , Oetting , E. R. , Edwards , R. W. and Beauvais , F. 1989 . Links from emotional distress to adolescent drug use: A path model . J. Consul. Clin. Psychol. , 57 (2) : 227 – 231 .
  • Swett , C. and Halpert , M. 1994 . High rates of alcohol problems and history of physical and sexual abuse among women inpatients . Amer. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse , 20 (2) : 263 – 272 .
  • Tayler , L. , Parker , G. and Roy , K. 1995 . Parental divorce and its effects on the quality of intimate relationships in adulthood . J. Divorce Remarr. , 24 (3/4) : 181 – 201 .
  • Triandis , H. C. 1993 . On the place of culture in psychological science . Intnl. J. Psychol. , 28 (2) : 249 – 250 .
  • Vaillant , G. E. 1994 . Evidence that the Type 1/Type 2 dichotomy in alcoholism must be reexamined . Addiction , 89 (9) : 1049 – 1057 .
  • Vuchinich , S. , Teachman , J. and Crosby , L. 1991 . Families and hazard rates that change over time: Some methodological issues in analyzing transitions . J. Marr. Fam. , 53 : 898 – 912 .
  • Walker , E. A. , Katon , W. J. , Roy‐Byrne , P. P. , Jemelka , R. P. and Russo , J. 1993 . Histories of sexual victimization in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease . Amer. J. Psychiat. , 150 (10) : 1502 – 1506 .
  • Wall , T. L. , Garcia‐Andrade , C. , Thomasson , H. R. , Cole , M. and Ehlers , C. L. 1996 . Alcohol elimination in Native American Mission Indians: An investigation of interindividual variation . Alcohol. Clin. Exper. Res. , 20 (7) : 1159 – 1164 .
  • Walsh , A. 1995 . Parental attachment, drug use, and facultative sexual strategies . Soc. Biol. , 42 (1–2) : 95 – 107 .
  • Wills , T. A. and Shiffman , S. 1985 . “ Coping and substance use: A conceptual framework ” . In Coping and substance use , Edited by: Shiffman , S. and Wills , T. A. 3 – 24 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Windle , M. 1993 . A retrospective measure of childhood behaviour problems and its use in predicting adolescent problem behaviours . J. Stud. Alcohol , 54 (4) : 422 – 431 .
  • Windle , M. , Windle , R. C. , Scheidt , D. M. and Miller , G. B. 1995 . Physical and sexual abuse and associated mental disorders among alcoholic in‐patients . Amer. J. Psychiat. , 152 (9) : 1322 – 1328 .
  • Worobec , T. G. , Turner , W. M. , O'Farrell , T. J. and Cutter , H. S. 1990 . Alcohol use by alcoholics with and without a history of parental alcoholism . Alcohol. Clin. Exper. Res. , 14 (6) : 887 – 892 .
  • Yamaguchi , K. 1986 . Alternative approaches to unobserved heterogeneity in the analysis of repeat‐able events . Sociol. Methodol. , 16 : 213 – 249 .
  • Yellowlees , P. M. and Kaushik , A. V. 1994 . A case‐control study of the sequelae of childhood sexual assault in adult psychiatric patients . Med. J. Australia , 160 (7) : 408 – 411 .
  • York , J. L. and Welte , J. W. 1994 . Gender comparisons of alcohol consumption in alcoholic and non‐alcoholic populations . J. Stud. Alcohol , 55 (6) : 743 – 750 .
  • Young , T. J. 1988 . Substance use and abuse among Native Americans . Clin. Psychol. Rev. , 8 : 125 – 138 .
  • Yu , J. and Williford , W. R. 1992 . The age of onset of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use patterns: An analysis of the drug use progression of young adults in New York State . Intnl. J. Addictions , 27 (11) : 1313 – 1323 .
  • _____ . 1994 . Alcohol, other drugs, and criminality: A structural analysis . Amer. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse , 20 (3) : 373 – 393 .
  • Zitzow , D. 1990 . Ojibway adolescent time spent with parents/elders as related to delinquency and court adjudication experiences . American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Res. , 4 (1) : 53 – 63 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.