References
- Anderson , R. T. , Sorlie , P. , Backlund , E. , Johnson , N. and Kaplan , G. A. 1996 . Mortality effects of community socioeconomic status . Epidemiology , 8 : 42 – 47 .
- Besharov , D. J. and Germanis , P. 1999 . Is WIC as good as they say? . The Public Interest , 34 : 21 – 36 .
- Chomitz , V. R. , Cheung , L.W.Y. and Lieberman , E. 1995 . The role of lifestyle in preventing low birth weight . The Future of Children , 5 : 121 – 138 .
- Clarke , L. L. , Farmer , F. L. and Miller , M. K. 1994 . Structural determinants of mortality in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan America . Rural Sociology , 59 : 84 – 99 .
- Currie , J. 1993 . Welfare and the well‐being of children: the relative effectiveness of cash and in‐kind transfers , Cambridge , MA : National Bureau of Economic Research .
- Department of Health and Human Services . 2000 . Federal Register , 65 (31) February 15 : 7555 – 7556 .
- Dietz , J. L. 1986 . Economic history of Puerto Rico: institutional change and capitalist development , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press .
- Diez‐Roux , A. V. 1998 . Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multivariate analysis . American Journal of Public Health , 88 : 216 – 222 .
- Fiscella , K. and Franks , P. 1997 . Poverty or income inequality as predictor of mortality: longitudinal cohort study . British Medical Journal , 314 : 1724 – 1728 .
- Frisbie , W. P. , Bigler , M. , de Turk , P. , Forbes , D. and Pullum , S. 1997 . Racial and ethnic differences in determinants of intrauterine growth retardation and other compromised birth outcomes . American Journal of Public Health , 87 : 1977 – 1983 .
- Gortmaker , S. L. and Wise , P. H. 1997 . The first injustice: socioeconomic disparities, health services technology, and infant mortality . Annual Review of Sociology , 23 : 147 – 170 .
- Guest , A. M. , Almgren , G. and Hussey , J. M. 1998 . The ecology of race and socioeconomic infant and working‐age mortality in Chicago . Demography , 35 : 23 – 34 .
- Haan , M. , Kaplan , G. A. and Camacho , T. 1987 . Poverty and health: prospective evidence from the Alameda County study . American Journal of Epidemiology , 125 : 989 – 998 .
- Kelly , S. , Hertzman , C. and Daniels , M. 1997 . Searching for the biological pathways between stress and health . Annual Review of Public Health , 18 : 437 – 62 .
- Kotelchuck , M. 1994 . An evaluation of the Kessner Adequacy of Prenatal Care Index and a proposed Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index . American Journal of Public Health , 84 : 1486 – 1489 .
- Krieger , N. , Rowley , D. L. , Herman , A. A. , Av‐ery , B. and Phillips , M. T. 1993 . Racism, sexism, and social class: implications for studies of health, disease, and well‐being . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 9 (supplement) : 82 – 122 .
- LeClere , F. B. , Rogers , R. G. and Peters , K. D. 1997 . Ethnicity and mortality in the United States: individual and community correlates . Social Forces , 76 : 169 – 198 .
- McLean , D. E. , Hatfield‐Timajchy , K. , Wingo , P. A. and Floyd , R. L. 1993 . Psychosocial measurement: implications for the study of preterm delivery in black women . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 9 : 39 – 81 .
- Moss , N. E. and Carver , K. 1998 . The effect of WIC and Medicaid on infant mortality in the United States . American Journal of Public Health , 88 : 1354 – 1361 .
- O'Campo , P. , Xue , X. , Wang , M‐C. and Coughy , M. O. B. 1997 . Neighborhood risk factors for low birthweight in Baltimore: a multilevel analysis . American Journal of Public Health , 87 : 1113 – 1118 .
- Oropesa , R. S. and Landale , N. S. 2000 . From austerity to prosperity? Migration and child poverty among mainland and island Puerto Ricans . Demography , 37 : 323 – 338 .
- Oropesa , R. S. , Landale , N. S. , Inkley , M. and Gorman , B. K. 2000 . Prenatal care among Puerto Ricans on the U.S. mainland . Social Science & Medicine , 51 : 1723 – 1739 .
- Population Reference Bureau . 1999 . World population data sheet Washington, DC
- Puerto Rico Department of Health . 1995 . Title V application for Maternal and Child Services Block Grant
- Rivera‐Bate , F. L. and Santiago , C. E. 1996 . Island paradox: Puerto Rico in the 1990s , New York : Russell Sage .
- Robert , S. A. 1999 . Socioeconomic position and health: the independent contribution of community socioeconomic context . Annual Review of Sociology , 25 : 489 – 516 .
- Rubin , D. B. 1987 . Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys , New York : J. Wiley & Sons .
- Schafer , J. L. 1997 . Analysis of incomplete multi‐variate data , London : Chapman & Hall .
- Starfield , B. , Shapiro , S. , Weiss , J. , Liang , K‐Y. , Ra , K. , Paige , D. and Wang , X. 1991 . Race, family income, and low birth weight . American Journal of Epidemiology , 134 : 1167 – 1174 .
- Stockbauer , J. W. 1987 . WIC prenatal participation and its relation to pregnancy outcomes in Missouri: a second look . American Journal of Public Health , 77 : 813 – 818 .
- U.S. Bureau of the Census . 1998 . Statistical abstract of the United States , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- U.S. Department of Agriculture . 2001 . WIC income eligibility guidelines http://www.fns.usda. gov/wic/incomeeligguidelines01–02.htm
- Waitzman , N. J. and Smith , K. R. 1998 . Phantom of the area: poverty area residence and mortality in the United States . American Journal of Public Health , 88 : 973 – 976 .