A gene‐based evolutionary explanation for the association between criminal involvement and number of sex partners

References

• Blum , K. 1997 . Association of polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes with schizoid/avoidant behaviors (SAB) . Molecular Psychiatry , 2 : 239 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comings , D. E. 2001 . The additive effect of neurotransmitter genes in pathological gambling . Clinical Genetics , 60 : 107 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , L. and Walsh , A. 2000 . Criminology: a global perspective , Boston , MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Gill , M. , Daly , G. , Heron , S. , Hawi , Z. and Fitzgerald , M. 1997 . Confirmation of association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter polymorphism . Molecular Psychiatry , 2 : 311 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haberstick , B. C. 2005 . Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and antisocial behaviors in the presence of childhood and adolescent maltreatment . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 135B : 59 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , K. M. , Florey , F. , Tabor , J. , Bearman , P. S. , Jones , J. and Udry , J. R. 2003 . “ The national longitudinal study of adolescent health: research design ” . [www document]. URL: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/design.
   Google Scholar
• Heinz , A. 2000 . Genotype influences in vivo dopamine transporter availability in human striatum . Neuropsychopharmacology , 22 : 133 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopfer , C. J. 2005 . Genetic influences on quantity of alcohol consumed by adolescents and young adults . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 78 : 187 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , A. M. , Palmatier , M. A. and Kidd , K. K. 1999 . Global variation of a 40‐bp VNTR in the 3‐untranslated region of the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) . Biological Psychiatry , 46 : 151 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountain , J. L. and Risch , N. 2004 . Assessing genetic contributions to phenotypic differences among “racial” and “ethnic” groups . Nature Genetics , 36 : 48 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , D. 1996 . “ An adaptive strategy theory of crime and delinquency ” . In Delinquency and crime: current theories , Edited by: Hawkins , J. 268 – 314 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 2002 . Biology and crime , Los Angeles , CA : Roxbury .
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , D. C. 1998 . The relation of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) to symptoms of internalizing disorders in children . Behavior Genetics , 28 : 215 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , D. C. , Stever , C. , Chase , D. , Sherman , S. , Abramowitz , A. and Waldman , I. D. 2001 . Two dopamine genes related to reports of childhood retrospective inattention and conduct disorder symptoms . Molecular Psychiatry , 6 : 429 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 2006 . Genes and behavior: nature‐nurture interplay explained , Maiden , MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Sarich , V. and Miele , F. 2004 . Race: the reality of human differences , Boulder , CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Shields , A. E. 2005 . The use of race variables in genetic studies of complex traits and the goal of reducing health disparities: a transdisciplinary perspective . American Psychologist , 60 : 77 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , J. M. 2000 . Dopamine genes and ADHD . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 24 : 21 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timberlake , D. S. 2006 . An association between the DAT1 polymorphism and smoking behavior in young adults from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health . Health Psychology , 25 : 190 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udry , J. R. 2003 . The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), Waves I and II, 1994–1996; Wave III, 2001–2002 [machine‐readable data file and documentation]. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC : Carolina Population Center .
   Google Scholar
• Vandenbergh , D. J. 1992 . Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome 5pl5.3 and displays a VNTR . Genomics , 14 : 1104 – 1106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , A. 1995 . Biosociology: an emerging paradigm , Wesport , Conn : Praeger Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 2006 . “ Evolutionary psychology and criminal behavior ” . In Missing the revolution: Darwinism for social scientists , Edited by: Barkow , J. 225 – 268 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , A. and Ellis , L. 2007 . Criminology: an interdisciplinary approach , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage/Pine Forge Press .
   Google Scholar
• Young , S. E. 2002 . Dopamine transporter polymorphism associated with externalizing behavior problems in children . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 114 : 144 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Address correspondence to: Kevin M. Beaver, PhD, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306–1127; Tel: 850.644.9180/850.877.1402; Fax: 850.644.9614. E‐mail: [email protected].
   Google Scholar