Weight and economic development: current net nutrition in the late 19th- and early 20th-century United States

References

• Aloia, J., A. Vaswani, R. Ma, and E. Flaster. 1997. Comparison of body composition in black and white premenopausal women. Journal of Laboratory Clinical Medicine 129 (3):294–99. doi:10.1016/S0022-2143(97)90177-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atack, J., and F. Bateman. 1987. To their own soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barondess, D. A., D. A. Nelson, and S. E. Schlaen. 1997. Whole body bone, fat and lean mass in black and white men. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 12:967–71. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.6.967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. 1957. The economics of discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. 1966. Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bodenhorn, H. 2002. The mulatto advantage: The biological consequences of complexion in rural antebellum Virginia. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 33 (1):21–46. doi:10.1162/00221950260029002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2005. The biological standard of living in 19th-century Mexico and in the American West. Economics and Human Biology 3 (3):405–19. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2007. Mexican body mass index values in the 19th century American West. Economics and Human Biology 5 (1):37–47. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2006.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2008. Health during industrialization: Evidence from the 19th century Pennsylvania state prison system. Social Science History 32 (3):347–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2009a. Racial differences in body-mass indices of men imprisoned in 19th century Texas. Economics & Human Biology 7:121–27. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2009b. Geography, insolation and vitamin D in 19th century US African-American and white statures. Explorations in Economic History 46 (1):149–59. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2008.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2011. Height of female Americans in the 19th century and the Antebellum Puzzle. Economics and Human Biology 9:157–64. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2010.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2012. The body mass index of blacks and whites in the United States during the nineteenth century. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42:371–91. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_00255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2013a. Biological conditions and economic development: Westward expansion and health in late 19th and early 20th century Montana. Journal of Historical Society 13 (1):51–68. doi:10.1111/jhis.12002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2013b. Socioeconomic effects on the stature of nineteenth century US women. Feminist Economics 19:122–43. doi:10.1080/13545701.2012.761347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2014. Nineteenth century US black and white working class physical activity and nutritional trends during economic development. Journal of Economic Issues 48 (3):765–86. doi:10.2753/JEI0021-3624480309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2015a. Biological conditions and economic development: 19th century US Statures on the Great Plains. Human Nature 26 (2):123–42. doi:10.1007/s12110-015-9231-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2015b. A weighty issue: Diminished 19th century net nutrition among the US working class. Demography 52:945–66. doi:10.1007/s13524-015-0384-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2015c. Biology, complexion, and socioeconomic status: Accounting for 19th century US BMIs by race. Australian Economic History Review 55 (3):238–55. doi:10.1111/aehr.12075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2016. Body mass index through time: explanations, evidence, and future directions. In Handbook of economics and human biology, ed. J. Komlos and I. Kelly, 133–51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2017a. Health on the 19th century US great plains: Opportunity or displacement? Journal of Interdisciplinary History 48 (1):21–41. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_01087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2017b. White and black weight by socioeconomic status and residence: Revaluating nineteenth century health during institutional change to free labor. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 173 (4):643–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2018a. Black and white female body mass index values in the developing late 19th and early 20th century United States. Journal of Bioeconomics. doi:10.1007/s10818-018-9277-z.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2018b. The weight of 19th century Mexicans in the Western United States. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 51 (1):1–12. doi:10.1080/01615440.2017.1393357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, S. A. 2019. Late 19th and early 20th century native and immigrant body mass index values in the United States. Economics and Human Biology. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2019.02.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlino, G., and K. Sill 2001. Regional Income Fluctuations: Common Trends and Common Cyclers. Review of Economics and Statistics 83 (3):446–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, A., and C. Paxson. 2008a. Height, health, and cognitive development at older ages. American Economic Review 98:463–67. doi:10.1257/aer.98.2.463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, A., and C. Paxson. 2008b. Stature and status: Height, ability, and labor market outcomes. Journal of Political Economy 116:499–532. doi:10.1086/589524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane, W. 1979. The development of american agriculture: A historical analysis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coclanis, P. A., and J. Komlos 1995. Nutrition and Economic Development in Post-Reconstruction South Carolina. Social Science History 19 (1):91–115 .
   Google Scholar
• Coelho, P. R. P., and R. McGuire. 2000. Diets versus diseases: The anthropometrics of slave children. The Journal of Economic History 60 (1):232–46. doi:10.1017/S0022050700024724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn, R. 2009. Mass migration under sail: European immigration to the antebellum United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Condran, G. A., and E. Crimmins. 1978. Public health measures and mortality in U.S. cities in the late nineteenth century. Human Ecology 6 (1). doi:10.1007/BF00888565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, D. 1993. Height, wealth, and disease among the native –born in the rural, antebellum North. Social Science History 17:355–83. doi:10.1017/S0145553200018630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, R. O. 1940. The American and his food. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dawes, L. 2014. Childhood Obesity in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deaton, A. 2008. Height, health, and inequality: The distribution of adult heights in India. American Economic Review 98:468–74. doi:10.1257/aer.98.2.468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaton, A. 2013. The great escape: Health, wealth, and the origins of inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dimitri, C., A. Effland, and N. Conklin. (2005). The 20th century transformation of US agriculture and farm policy. United States Department of Agriculture Electronic Information Bulletin no. 3 http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/59390/2/eib3.pdf. Accessed August 7, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Dirks, R. 2016. Food in the gilded age: WhatOrdinary Americans Ate. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Donald, D. H. 1995. Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, J. 2004. His excellency George Washington. New York: Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrie, J. P. 1997. The Entry into the U.S. Labor Market or Antebellum European Immigrants, 1840-186. Explorations in Economic History 34 (3):295–33.
   Google Scholar
• Floud, R., R. W. Fogel, B. Harris, and S. C. Hong. 2011. The changing body: Health, nutrition, and human development in the Western World since 1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fogel, R. 1989. Without consent of contract: The rise and fall of American slavery. Norton: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Fogel, R. 1994. economic growth, population theory, and physiology: The bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy. American Economic Review 84 (3):369–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogel, R., S. Engerman, and J. Tressell. 1982. Exploring the uses of height: The analysis of long-term trends in nutrition, labor welfare, and labor productivity. Social Science History 6 (4):401–21. doi:10.1017/S0145553200023130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fogel, R., S. Engerman, R. Floud, G. Friedman, R. Margo, K. Sokoloff, R. Steckel, J. Trussell, G. Villaflor, and K. Watcher. 1983. Secular changes in american and british stature and nutrition. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14:445–81. doi:10.2307/203716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogel, R., and S. Engermann. 1982. Editors’ forward. Social Science History Association 6 (4):395–400. doi:10.1017/S0145553200023117.
   Google Scholar
• Fogel, R. W., and S. Engerman. 1974. Time on the Cross. New York: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Fortin, N., T. Lemieax, and S. Firgo. 2011. Decomposition methods in economics. In: D. Card and O. Ashenfelter (Eds). Handbook of Labor Economics vol. 4 Part A. New York: Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Gluckman, P. D., and M. A. Hanson. 2006. The consequences of being born small—An adaptive perspective. Hormone Research 65:5–14. doi:10.1159/000091500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottfredson, M., and T. Hirschi. 1990. A general theory of crime. California: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guillot, M. 2011. Period vs. Cohort Life Expectancy. In International handbook of adult mortality, ed. R. Rogers and E. Crimmins, 533–49. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Haines, M., L. Craig, and T. Weiss. 2003. The short and the dead: Nutrition, Mortality, and the “Antebellum Puzzle” in the United States. The Journal of Economic History 63 (2):382–413. doi:10.1017/S0022050703001839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, P., J. Richards-Edwards, J. A. Manson, P. Ridker, N. Cook, G. O’Conner, J. Buring, and C. Hennekens. 1993. Height and incidence of cardiovascular disease in male physicians. Circulation 88:1437–43. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.88.4.1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgs, R. 1977. Competition and coercion: Blacks in the American economy, 1865-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hilliard, S. B. 1972. Hog, meat and hoecake: Food supply in the Old South, 1840-1860. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschi, T., and M. Gottfredson. 1983. Age and explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology 89 (3):552–84. doi:10.1086/227905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jee, H., J. W. Jee, P. J. Sull, S. Y. Lee, H. Ohrr, E. Guallar, and J. Samet. 2006. Body-mass index and mortality in Korean men and women. New England Journal of Medicine 355:779–87. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, D. 2011. Waaler revisited: The anthropometrics of mortality. Economics Human Biology 9 (1):106–17. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2010.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepke, N., and J. Baten. 2005. The biological standard of living in Europe during the last two millennia. European Review of Economic History 9 (1):61–95. doi:10.1017/S1361491604001388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komlos, J. 1987. The height and weight of west point cadets: Dietary change in Antebellum America. Journal of Economic History 47:897–927. doi:10.1017/S002205070004986X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komlos, J. 2012. A three-decade history of the antebellum paradox: Explaining the shrinking of the U. S. population at the outset of modern growth. Journal of Historical Society 12 (4):395–445. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00376.x.
   Google Scholar
• Komlos, J. and B. A’Hearn. 2019. Clarifications of a puzzle: The decline in nutritional status at the onset of modern economic growth in the U.S.A. Journal of Economic History 79 (4).
   Google Scholar
• Komlos, J., and B. A’Hearn (2016). “The decline in the nutritional status of the US antebellum population at the onset of modern economic growth.” (No. 21845). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Komlos, J., and B. A’Hearn. Forthcoming. Shrinking in a growing economy is not so puzzling after all. Economics and Human Biology.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komlos, J., and C. S. Alan. 2017. The BMI values of the lower classes likely declined during the great depression. Economics and Human Biology 26:137–43. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2017.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margo, R., and R. Steckel. 1992. The nutrition and helath of slaves and Antebellum Southern Whites. In Without consent of contract: conditions of slave life and the transition to freedom, technical papers, ed. R. Fogel and S. Engerman, 508–21. New York: Norton Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• McGuire, R., and P. Coelho. 2011. Parasites, pathogens, and progress: Disease and economic development. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meinzer, N., and J. Baten. 2016. Global perspective on economics and biology. In Oxford handbook of economics and human biology, ed. J. Komlos and I. Kelly, 276-295. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mifflin, M. D., S. T. St Jeor, L. A. Hill, B. J. Scott, S. A. Daugherty, and Y. O. Koh. 1990. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51:241–47. doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.2.241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyström-Peck, M. 1994. The importance of childhood socio-economic group for adult health. Social Science & Medicine 39:553–62. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90098-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyström-Peck, M., and O. Lundberg. 1995. Short stature as an effect of economic and social conditions in childhood. Social Science & Medicine 41:733–38. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)00379-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oaxaca, R., and M. Ransom. 1999. Identification in Detailed Wage Decompositions. Review of Economics and Statistics 81 (1):154–57. doi:10.1162/003465399767923908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oaxaca, R. L. 1973. Male female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review 14 (3):693–709. doi:10.2307/2525981.
   Google Scholar
• Plant, A. 1947. Selected Economic Assays and Addresses. Boston: Routledge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, J. 2000. Major Trends in U.S. Food Supply, 1909-1999. Food Review 23 (1):8–15.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbloom, J. 2002. Looking for work, searching for workers: American labor markets during industrialization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, E. 2017. Children’s growth in an adaptive framework: Explaining the growth patterns of American slaves and other historical populations. Economic History Review 70 (1):3–29. doi:10.1111/ehr.12484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte, J. E., E. J. Townsent, J. Hugg, R. M. Malina, and C. G. Blomquist. 1984. Density of lean body mass is greater in Black than in Whites. Journal of Applied Physiology 56 (6):1647–49. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.56.6.1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokoloff, K., and G. Villaflor. 1982. Early achievement of modern stature in America. Social Science History 6:453–81. doi:10.1017/S0145553200023154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steckel, R. 1979. Slave height profiles from coastwise manifests. Explorations in Economic History 16 (4):363–80. doi:10.1016/0014-4983(79)90027-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steckel, R., and D. Haurin. 1994. Health and nutrition in the American Mid West: Evidence from the height of Ohio National Guardsman, 1850-1910. In Stature, living standards, and economic development: Essays in anthropometric History, ed. J. Komlos, 117–28. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steckel, R., and J. Rose. 2002. Patterns of health in the western hemisphere. In The backbone of history: Health and nutrition In the Western Hemisphere, ed. R. Steckel and R. Jerome, 563–82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tribe, K. 2009. Liberalism and Neo Liberalism. In The road from Mont Perlerin: The making of neoliberal thought collective, ed. P. Mirowski and D. Plehwa, 68-97. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vann, W. C. 1951. Origins of the New South, 1877-1913. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waaler, H. 1984. Height, weight, and mortality: The Norwegian experience. Acta Medica Scandinavica, Suppliment 679.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, D. R., and V. H. Heyward. 2000. Measures of composition in blacks and whites: A comparative review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71:1392–402. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun, M. S. 2008. Identification problem and detailed Oaxaca decomposition: A general solution and inference. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 33 (1):27–38. doi:10.3233/JEM-2008-0296.
   Google Scholar
• Zehetmayer, M. 2011. The continuation of the antebellum puzzle: Stature in the US, 1847–1894. European Review of Economic History 15 (2):313–27. doi:10.1017/S1361491611000062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimran, A. (2015). Does sample-selection bias explain the industrialization puzzle? Evidence from military enlistment in the nineteenth-century United States. http://aez.econ.northwestern.edu/zimran_height_selection.pdf
   Google Scholar