‘Trapped’, ‘anxious’ and ‘traumatised’: COVID-19 intensified the impact of housing inequality on Australians’ mental health

References

• Amerio, A., Brambilla, A., Morganti, A., Aguglia, A., Bianchi, D., Santi, F., Costantini, L., Odone, A., Costanza, A., Signorelli, C., Serafini, G., Amore, M., & Capolongo, S. (2020). COVID-19 Lockdown: Housing built environment's effects on mental health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2020). Household Impacts of COVID-19 Survey. Canberra. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/household-impacts-covid-19-survey/12-15-may-2020
   Google Scholar
• Baker, E., Bentley, R., Beer, A., Daniel, L. (2020). Renting in the time of COVID-19: Understanding the impacts. Retrieved from Melbourne: https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/340
   Google Scholar
• Baker, E., Daniel, L., Bentley, R., Pawson, G., Stone, W., Rajagopalan, P., Rajagopalan, P., Hulse, K., Beer, A., London, K. Zillante, G., & Randolph, B. (2018). The Australian housing condition dataset - technical report. Retrieved from Australia: https://ecms.adelaide.edu.au/architecture/ahcd
   Google Scholar
• Baker, E., Bentley, R., Lester, L., & Beer, A. (2016). Housing affordability and residential mobility as drivers of locational inequality. Applied Geography, 72, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, E., Bentley, R., & Mason, K. (2013). The mental health effects of housing tenure: Causal or compositional? Urban Studies, 50(2), 426–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012446992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, E., Lester, L., Mason, K., & Bentley, R. (2020). Mental health and prolonged exposure to unaffordable housing: A longitudinal analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(6), 715–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01849-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74(11), 964–968. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bentley, R. J., Pevalin, D., Baker, E., Mason, K., Reeves, A., & Beer, A. (2016). Housing affordability, tenure and mental health in Australia and the United Kingdom: A comparative panel analysis. Housing Studies, 31(2), 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2015.1070796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley, R., Baker, E., & Aitken, Z. (2019). The 'double precarity' of employment insecurity and unaffordable housing and its impact on mental health. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 225, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley, R., Baker, E., LaMontagne, A., King, T., Mason, K., & Kavanagh, A. (2016). Does employment security modify the effect of housing affordability on mental health? SSM - Population Health, 2, 778–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley, R., Baker, E., Mason, K., Subramanian, S. V., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2011). Association between housing affordability and mental health: A longitudinal analysis of a nationally representative household survey in Australia. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(7), 753–760. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, R. (2011). Reclaiming reality: A critical introduction to contemporary philosophy. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugha, T. S., & Cragg, D. (1990). The List of Threatening Experiences: The reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82(1), 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01360.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creese, B., Khan, Z., Henley, W., O’Dwyer, S., Corbett, A., Da Silva, M. V., Mills, K., Wright, N., Testad, I., Aarsland, D., & Ballard, C. (2020). Loneliness, physical activity and mental health during Covid-19: A longitudinal analysis of depression and anxiety between 2015 and 2020. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.30.20165415
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dawel, A., Shou, Y., Smithson, M., Cherbuin, N., Banfield, M., Calear, A. L., Farrer, L. M., Gray, D., Gulliver, A., Housen, T., McCallum, S. M., Morse, A. R., Murray, K., Newman, E., Rodney Harris, R. M., & Batterham, P. J. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 on mental health and wellbeing in a representative sample of Australian Adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(1026). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579985
   Google Scholar
• De Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2006). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027506289723
   Google Scholar
• De Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W. (2003). The built environment and mental health. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 80(4), 536–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, M., Thomson, H., Kearns, A., & Petticrew, M. (2011). Understanding the psychosocial impacts of housing type: Qualitative evidence from a housing and regeneration intervention. Housing Studies, 26(4), 555–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.559724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, Y., Palmer, S., Gallacher, J., Marsden, T., & Fone, D. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between objective measurements of the urban environment and psychological distress. Environment International, 96, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurran, N., & Whitehead, C. (2011). Planning and affordable housing in Australia and the UK: A comparative perspective. Housing Studies, 26(7-8), 1193–1214. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.618982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurran, N., Zhang, Y., & Shrestha, P. (2020). ‘Pop-up’ tourism or ‘invasion’? Airbnb in coastal Australia. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 102845-undefined. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102845
   Google Scholar
• Halpern, D. (1995). Mental health and the built environment. Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Holding, E., Blank, L., Crowder, M., Ferrari, E., & Goyder, E. (2020). Exploring the relationship between housing concerns, mental health and wellbeing: A qualitative study of social housing tenants. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England), 42(3), e231–e238. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdz076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne, R., Willand, N., Dorignon, L., Middha, B. (2020). The lived experience of COVID-19: housing and household resilience. Retrieved from Melbourne: https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/finalreports/345
   Google Scholar
• Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., Kang, L., Guo, L., Liu, M., Zhou, X., Luo, J., Huang, Z., Tu, S., Zhao, Y., Chen, L., Xu, D., Li, Y., Li, C., Peng, L., Xie, W., … Cao, B. (2021). 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. The Lancet, 397(10270), 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, H. A. R., Rasmussen, B., & Ekholm, O. (2019). Neighbour noise annoyance is associated with various mental and physical health symptoms: Results from a nationwide study among individuals living in multi-storey housing. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1508. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7893-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, G., & Chamberlain, C. (2011). Are the homeless mentally ill? Australian Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2011.tb00204.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, C., Diez Roux, A. V., & Galea, S. (2008). Are neighbourhood characteristics associated with depressive symptoms? A review of evidence. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62(11), 940–946. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.066605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasreen, Z., & Ruming, K. J. (2021). Informality, the marginalised and regulatory inadequacies: A case study of tenants’ experiences of shared room housing in Sydney, Australia. International Journal of Housing Policy, 21(2), 220–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2020.1803531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NSW Tenants Union (2020). Tenants Union of NSW: COVID-19 Guide. Retrieved from https://www.tenants.org.au/covid19/guide
   Google Scholar
• Nutsford, D., Pearson, A. L., Kingham, S., & Reitsma, F. (2016). Residential exposure to visible blue space (but not green space) associated with lower psychological distress in a capital city. Health & Place, 39, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald, D., Moore, T., & Baker, E. (2020). Post pandemic landlord–renter relationships in Australia, AHURI Final Report No. 344, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited. https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/344, https://doi.org/10.18408/ahuri5325901
   Google Scholar
• Parsell, C., Clarke, A., & Kuskoff, E. (2020). Understanding responses to homelessness during COVID-19: An examination of Australia. Housing Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2020.1829564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawson, H., Hulse, K., & Cheshire, L. (2015). Addressing concentrations of disadvantage in urban Australia, AHURI Final Report No. 247. Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute. http://www.ahuri.edu.au/publications/projects/myrp704
   Google Scholar
• Pawson, H., Martin, C., Sisson, A., Thompson, S., Fitzpatrick, S., & Marsh, A. (2021). COVID-19: Rental housing and homelessness impacts – an initial analysis, ACOSS and UNSW, Sydney, 1. http://povertyandinequality.acoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/COVID19_Rental-housing-and-homelessness-impacts_report-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pengcheng, L., Longfei, Z., Shujuan, C., & Xiaojie, W. (2021). Association between household overcrowding and depressive mood among Chinese residents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 290, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pevalin, D. J., Reeves, A., Baker, E., & Bentley, R. (2017). The impact of persistent poor housing conditions on mental health: A longitudinal population-based study. Preventive Medicine, 105, 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.09.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, B., Gray, M., & Biddle, N. (2020). COVID-19 JobKeeper and JobSeeker impacts on poverty and housing stress under current and alternative economic and policy scenarios. Retrieved from https://csrm.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/2020/8/Impact_of_Covid19_JobKeeper_and_Jobeeker_measures_on_Poverty_and_Financial_Stress_FINAL.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Productivity Commission. (2019). Vulnerable Private Renters: Evidence and Options, Commission Research Paper, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• QSR-International. (2018). NVivo Qualitative Data Analysis Software - Version 12 [Software].
   Google Scholar
• Rautio, N., Filatova, S., Lehtiniemi, H., & Miettunen, J. (2018). Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764017744582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolfe, S., Garnham, L., Godwin, J., Anderson, I., Seaman, P., & Donaldson, C. (2020). Housing as a social determinant of health and wellbeing: Developing an empirically-informed realist theoretical framework. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09224-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugel, E. J., Carpiano, R. M., Henderson, S. B., & Brauer, M. (2019). Exposure to natural space, sense of community belonging, and adverse mental health outcomes across an urban region. Environmental Research, 171, 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakespeare-Finch, J., Bowen-Salter, H., Cashin, M., Badawi, A., Wells, R., Rosenbaum, S., & Steel, Z. (2020). COVID-19: An Australian perspective. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(8), 662–672. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1780748
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., & Lim, M. (2020). How the COVID-19 pandemic is focusing attention on loneliness and social isolation. Public Health Research & Practice, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp3022008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2019). Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Tenancy Services New Zealand Government. (2021). Healthy Homes. Retrieved from https://www.tenancy.govt.nz/healthy-homes?gclid=CjwKCAjwzruGBhBAEiwAUqMR8D_8i2aT9qhWxQYueQZBdx8robQzWCzENNY93zsCHFDYucMJIGrl7BoCwcsQAvD_BwE
   Google Scholar
• Tsemberis, S. (2010). Housing First: Ending homelessness, promoting recovery, and reducing costs. In I. G. Ellen & B. O'Flaherty (Eds.), How to house the homeless (pp. 37–57). Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, P. (2000). Inclusionary zoning and affordable housing in Sydney. Urban Policy and Research, 18(3), 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111140008727840
   Google Scholar
• Wright, P. A., & Kloos, B. (2007). Housing environment and mental health outcomes: A levels of analysis perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, A. F., Russell, A., & Powers, J. R. (2004). The sense of belonging to a neighbourhood: Can it be measured and is it related to health and well being in older women? Social Science & Medicine (1982), 59(12), 2627–2637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., & Gurran, N. (2021). Understanding the share housing sector: A geography of group housing supply in metropolitan Sydney. Urban Policy and Research, 39(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2020.1847067
   Google Scholar