575
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

A global neuronal workspace model of functional neurological disorders

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1-23 | Received 06 Nov 2023, Accepted 03 Apr 2024, Published online: 20 May 2024

References

  • 2023. Oxford’s English Dictionnary, Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
  • Ahissar M, Hochstein S. 2004. The reverse hierarchy theory of visual perceptual learning. Trends Cogn Sci. 8(10):457–464. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.08.011.
  • Anderson AK, Phelps EA. 2001. Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature. 411(6835):305–309. doi:10.1038/35077083.
  • Anderson MC, Green C. 2001. Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature. 410(6826):366–369. doi:10.1038/35066572.
  • Anderson MC, Ochsner KN, Kuhl B, Cooper J, Robertson E, Gabrieli SW, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD. 2004. Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories. Science. 303(5655):232–235. doi:10.1126/science.1089504.
  • Arthuis M, Valton L, Régis J, Chauvel P, Wendling F, Naccache L, Bernard C, Bartolomei F. 2009. Impaired consciousness during temporal lobe seizures is related to increased long-distance cortical-subcortical synchronization. Brain. 132(Pt 8):2091–2101. doi:10.1093/brain/awp086.
  • Auxemery Y, Hubsch C, Fidelle G. 2011. Psychogenic non epileptic seizures: a review. Encephale 37(2):153–158.
  • Aybek S, Vuilleumier P. 2016. Imaging studies of functional neurologic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 139:73–84.
  • Baars BJ. 1988. A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Babinski J, Froment J. 1917. Hystérie-pithiatisme et troubles nerveux d’ordre réflexe en neurologie de guerre, Paris: Masson et Cie.
  • Barnier AJ, Terhune DB, Polito V, Woody EZ. 2022. A componential approach to individual differences in hypnotizability. Psychology of Consciousness: theory, Research, and Practice. 9(2):130–140. doi:10.1037/cns0000267.
  • Bartolomei F, McGonigal A, Naccache L. 2014. Alteration of consciousness in focal epilepsy: the global workspace alteration theory. Epilepsy Behav. 30:17–23. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.09.012.
  • Bartolomei F, Naccache L. 2011. The global workspace (GW) theory of consciousness and epilepsy. Behav Neurol. 24(1):67–74. doi:10.1155/2011/127864.
  • Bell V, Oakley DA, Halligan PW, Deeley Q. 2011. Dissociation in hysteria and hypnosis: evidence from cognitive neuroscience. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 82(3):332–339. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.199158.
  • Bernheim H. 1891. Hypnotisme, suggestion, psychothérapie: études nouvelles. Paris, Doin Editeur.
  • Block N. 1995. On a confusion about the role of consciousness. Behav Brain Sci. 18(2):227–247. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00038188.
  • Block N. 2007. Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience. Behav Brain Sci. 30(5-6):481–499. doi:10.1017/S0140525X07002786.
  • Brehm J. 1956. Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. J Abnorm Psychol. 52(3):384–389. doi:10.1037/h0041006.
  • Brown RJ, Reuber M. 2016. Psychological and psychiatric aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 45:157–182. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.01.003.
  • Brown RJ, Reuber M. 2016b. Towards an integrative theory of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). Clin Psychol Rev. 47:55–70. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.06.003.
  • Butler LD, Duran RE, Jasiukaitis P, Koopman C, Spiegel D. 1996. Hypnotizability and traumatic experience: a diathesis-stress model of dissociative symptomatology. Am J Psychiatry. 153(7 Suppl):42–63.
  • Carson A, Lehn A. 2016. Epidemiology. Handb Clin Neurol. 139:47–60.
  • Chammat M, Karoui IE, Allali S, Hagège J, Lehongre K, Hasboun D, Baulac M, Epelbaum S, Michon A, Dubois B, et al. 2017. Cognitive dissonance resolution depends on episodic memory. Sci Rep. 7(1):41320. doi:10.1038/srep41320.
  • Charcot JM. 1875. Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux faites à la Salpêtrière. Paris: V. Adrien et Cie Editeurs.
  • Charcot JM, Richer P. 1883. Note on certain facts of cerebral automatism observed in hysteria during the cataleptic period of hypnotism. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 10(1):1–13. doi:10.1097/00005053-188301000-00001.
  • Cock HR, Edwards MJ. 2018. Functional neurological disorders: acute presentations and management. Clin Med. 18(5): 414–417.
  • Cohen MA, Dennett DC. 2011. Consciousness cannot be separated from function. Trends Cogn Sci. 15(8):358–364. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.008.
  • Cojan Y, Waber L, Schwartz S, Rossier L, Forster A, Vuilleumier P. 2009. The brain under self-control: modulation of inhibitory and monitoring cortical networks during hypnotic paralysis. Neuron. 62(6):862–875. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.05.021.
  • Crick F, Koch C. 1995. Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Nature. 375(6527):121–123. doi:10.1038/375121a0.
  • Damasio A. 1999. The feeling of what happens. New York: Harcourt Brace & Co.
  • de Lange FP, Roelofs K, Toni I. 2007. Increased self-monitoring during imagined movements in conversion paralysis. Neuropsychologia. 45(9):2051–2058. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.002.
  • Deeley Q. 2016. Hypnosis as therapy for functional neurologic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 139:585–595. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00047-3.
  • Dehaene S, Changeux JP, Naccache L, Sackur J, Sergent C. 2006. Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy. Trends Cogn Sci. 10(5):204–211. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.007.
  • Dehaene S, Kerszberg M, Changeux JP. 1998. A neuronal model of a global workspace in effortful cognitive tasks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95(24):14529–14534. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14529.
  • Dehaene S, Naccache L. 2001. Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition. 79(1-2):1–37. doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00123-2.
  • Dehaene S, Naccache L. 2006. Can one suppress subliminal words? Neuron. 52(3):397–399. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.10.018.
  • Del Casale A, Ferracuti S, Adriani B, Novelli F, Zoppi T, Bargagna P, Pompili M. 2022. Neural functional correlates of hypnosis and hypnoanalgesia: role of the cingulate cortex. Am J Clin Hypn. 64(1):53–61. doi:10.1080/00029157.2021.1895709.
  • Derbyshire SW, Whalley MG, Oakley DA. 2009. Fibromyalgia pain and its modulation by hypnotic and non-hypnotic suggestion: an fMRI analysis. Eur J Pain. 13(5):542–550. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.06.010.
  • Derbyshire SW, Whalley MG, Stenger VA, Oakley DA. 2004. Cerebral activation during hypnotically induced and imagined pain. Neuroimage. 23(1):392–401. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.04.033.
  • Driver J, Mattingley JB. 1998. Parietal neglect and visual awareness. Nat Neurosci. 1(1):17–22. doi:10.1038/217.
  • Driver J, Vuilleumier P. 2001. Perceptual awareness and its loss in unilateral neglect and extinction. Cognition. 79(1-2):39–88. doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00124-4.
  • El Karoui I, King JR, Sitt J, Meyniel F, Van Gaal S, Hasboun D, Adam C, Navarro V, Baulac M, Dehaene S, et al. 2015. Event-related potential, time-frequency, and functional connectivity facets of local and global auditory novelty processing: an intracranial study in humans. Cereb Cortex. 25(11):4203–4212. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu143.
  • El Youssef N, Jegou A, Makhalova J, Naccache L, Bénar C, Bartolomei F. 2022. Consciousness alteration in focal epilepsy is related to loss of signal complexity and information processing. Sci Rep. 12(1):22276. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25861-4.
  • Ellenberger HF. 1965. Charcot and the Salpêtrière School. Am J Psychother. 19(2):253–267. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1965.19.2.253.
  • Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, Edwards MJ, Goldstein LH, Hallett M, LaFaver K, LaFrance WC, Jr., Lang AE, Nicholson T, et al. 2018. Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders. JAMA Neurol. 75(9):1132–1141. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1264.
  • Eysenck MW. 1984. Attention and performance limitations. A handbook of cognitive psychology. M. W. Eysenck. Hillsdale, NJ, L. Erlbaum Assoc.: p. 49–77.
  • Faymonville ME, Laureys S, Degueldre C, DelFiore G, Luxen A, Franck G, Lamy M, Maquet P. 2000. Neural mechanisms of antinociceptive effects of hypnosis. Anesthesiology. 92(5):1257–1267. doi:10.1097/00000542-200005000-00013.
  • Faymonville ME, Roediger L, Del Fiore G, Delgueldre C, Phillips C, Lamy M, Luxen A, Maquet P, Laureys S. 2003. Increased cerebral functional connectivity underlying the antinociceptive effects of hypnosis. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 17(2):255–262. doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00113-7.
  • Felleman DJ, Van Essen DC. 1991. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex. 1(1):1–47. doi:10.1093/cercor/1.1.1.
  • Festinger L. 1957. "A theory of cognitive dissonance."
  • Fodor JA. 1983. The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Franz M, Schmidt B, Hecht H, Naumann E, Miltner WHR. 2020. Suggested deafness during hypnosis and simulation of hypnosis compared to a distraction and control condition: a study on subjective experience and cortical brain responses. PLoS One. 15(10):e0240832. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240832.
  • Freud S. 1901. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. London: Hogarth Press.
  • Gaillard R, Dehaene S, Adam C, Clémenceau S, Hasboun D, Baulac M, Cohen L, Naccache L. 2009. Converging intracranial markers of conscious access. PLoS Biol. 7(3):e61. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000061.
  • Gaillard R, Del Cul A, Naccache L, Vinckier F, Cohen L, Dehaene S. 2006. Nonconscious semantic processing of emotional words modulates conscious access. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103(19):7524–7529. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600584103.
  • Garcin B. 2018. Motor functional neurological disorders: an update. Rev Neurol (Paris)). 174(4):203–211. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2017.11.003.
  • Garcin B, Mesrati F, Hubsch C, Mauras T, Iliescu I, Naccache L, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Degos B. 2017. Impact of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Functional Movement Disorders: cortical Modulation or a Behavioral Effect? Front Neurol. 8:338. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00338.
  • Garcin B, Villain N, Mesrati F, Naccache L, Roze E, Degos B. 2021. A single-center series of 482 patients with functional motor disorders. J Psychosom Res. 148:110565. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110565.
  • Gratton G, Coles MG, Donchin E. 1992. Optimizing the use of information: strategic control of activation of responses. J Exp Psychol Gen. 121(4):480–506. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.121.4.480.
  • Greenwald AG, Abrams RL, Naccache L, Dehaene S. 2003. Long-term semantic memory versus contextual memory in unconscious number processing. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 29(2):235–247. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.2.235.
  • Haan J, Koehler PJ, Bogousslavsky J. 2012. Neurology and surrealism: Andre Breton and Joseph Babinski. Brain. 135(Pt 12):3830–3838. doi:10.1093/brain/aws118.
  • Hagège J, Chammat M, Tandetnik C, Naccache L. 2018. Suggestion of self-(in)coherence modulates cognitive dissonance. PLoS One. 13(8):e0202204. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202204.
  • Harrison NA, Johnston K, Corno F, Casey SJ, Friedner K, Humphreys K, Jaldow EJ, Pitkanen M, Kopelman MD. 2017. Psychogenic amnesia: syndromes, outcome, and patterns of retrograde amnesia. Brain. 140(9):2498–2510. doi:10.1093/brain/awx186.
  • Harvey SB, Stanton BR, David AS. 2006. Conversion disorder: towards a neurobiological understanding. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2(1):13–20.
  • Hauw F, Sangare A, Munoz Musat E, Meyniel C, Di Donato N, Chokron S, Bozon-Auclair F, Naccache L. 2024. Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? A neuropsychological case-study response. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 11(5):1365–1370. doi: 10.1002/acn3.52038.
  • Hermann B, Sangaré A, Munoz-Musat E, Salah AB, Perez P, Valente M, Faugeras F, Axelrod V, Demeret S, Marois C, et al. 2021. Importance, limits and caveats of the use of “disorders of consciousness” to theorize consciousness. Neurosci Conscious. 2021 (2):niab048. doi:10.1093/nc/niab048.
  • Hilgard ER. 1978. The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales as related to other measures of hypnotic responsiveness. Am J Clin Hypn. 21(2-3):68–83. doi:10.1080/00029157.1978.10403965.
  • Horton JE, Crawford HJ, Harrington G, Downs JH. 3rd, 2004. Increased anterior corpus callosum size associated positively with hypnotizability and the ability to control pain. Brain. 127(Pt 8):1741–1747. doi:10.1093/brain/awh196.
  • Huber A, Lui F, Duzzi D, Pagnoni G, Porro CA. 2014. Structural and functional cerebral correlates of hypnotic suggestibility. PLoS One. 9(3):e93187. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093187.
  • Jackendoff RS. 1987. "Consciousness and the computational mind."
  • Janet P. 1907. The major symptoms of hysteria. London, UK: Macmillian & Co.
  • Jensen MP, Jamieson GA, Lutz A, Mazzoni G, McGeown WJ, Santarcangelo EL, Demertzi A, De Pascalis V, Banyai EI, Rominger C, et al. 2017. New directions in hypnosis research: strategies for advancing the cognitive and clinical neuroscience of hypnosis. Neurosci Conscious. 3(1):nix004. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix004. Epub 2017 Apr 12.
  • Kentridge RW, Heywood CA, Weiskrantz L. 1999. Attention without awareness in blindsight. Proc Biol Sci. 266(1430):1805–1811. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0850.
  • Kentridge RW, Nijboer TC, Heywood CA. 2008. Attended but unseen: visual attention is not sufficient for visual awareness. Neuropsychologia. 46(3):864–869. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.036.
  • Kihlstrom JF. 2002. No need for repression. Trends Cogn Sci. 6(12):502. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)02006-5.
  • Kok P, Bains LJ, van Mourik T, Norris DG, de Lange FP. 2016. Selective activation of the deep layers of the human primary visual cortex by top-down feedback. Curr Biol. 26(3):371–376. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.038.
  • Kopelman MD. 1987. Amnesia: organic and psychogenic. Br J Psychiatry. 150(4):428–442. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.4.428.
  • Kouider S, Dehaene S. 2007. Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 362(1481):857–875. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2093.
  • Lamme VA, Roelfsema PR. 2000. The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing. Trends Neurosci. 23(11):571–579. doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01657-x.
  • Landry M, Raz A. 2015. Hypnosis and imaging of the living human brain. Am J Clin Hypn. 57(3):285–313. doi:10.1080/00029157.2014.978496.
  • Lawrence SJ, Norris DG, de Lange FP. 2019a. Dissociable laminar profiles of concurrent bottom-up and top-down modulation in the human visual cortex. Elife. 2019 May 7:8:e44422. doi: 10.7554/eLife.44422
  • Lawrence SJD, Formisano E, Muckli L, de Lange FP. 2019b. Laminar fMRI: applications for cognitive neuroscience. Neuroimage. 197:785–791. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.004.
  • Loftus EF. 1996. Memory distortion and false memory creation. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 24(3):281–295.
  • Loftus EF. 1997. Creating false memories. Sci Am. 277(3):70–75. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0997-70.
  • Loftus EF, Coan J, Pickrell JE. 1996. Manufacturing false memories using bits of reality. In: Reder LM, editor. Implicit memory and metacognition. Posner MI, Snyder CRR: Lawrence Erlbaum (Mahwah, NJ USA) 1975.
  • Luck SJ, Vogel EK, Shapiro KL. 1996. Word meanings can be accessed but not reported during the attentional blink. Nature. 383(6601):616–618. doi:10.1038/383616a0.
  • Ludwig AM. 1972. Hysteria. A neurobiological theory. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 27(6):771–777. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750300043007.
  • Ludwig VU, Stelzel C, Krutiak H, Magrabi A, Steimke R, Paschke LM, Kathmann N, Walter H. 2014. The suggestible brain: posthypnotic effects on value-based decision-making. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 9(9):1281–1288. doi:10.1093/scan/nst110.
  • Mack A, Rock I. 1998. "Inattentional blindness."
  • Mailis-Gagnon A, Giannoylis I, Downar J, Kwan CL, Mikulis DJ, Crawley AP, Nicholson K, Davis KD. 2003. Altered central somatosensory processing in chronic pain patients with "hysterical" anesthesia. Neurology. 60(9):1501–1507. doi:10.1212/wnl.60.9.1501.
  • Marshall JC, Halligan PW, Fink GR, Wade DT, Frackowiak RS. 1997. The functional anatomy of a hysterical paralysis. Cognition. 64(1):B1–8. doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(97)00020-6.
  • Marti S, King JR, Dehaene S. 2015. Time-resolved decoding of two processing chains during dual-task interference. Neuron. 88(6):1297–1307. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.040.
  • McGeown WJ, Venneri A, Kirsch I, Nocetti L, Roberts K, Foan L, Mazzoni G. 2012. Suggested visual hallucination without hypnosis enhances activity in visual areas of the brain. Conscious Cogn. 21(1):100–116. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.10.015.
  • Mesulam MM. 1998. From sensation to cognition. Brain. 121 (Pt 6)(6):1013–1052. : doi:10.1093/brain/121.6.1013.
  • Monod J, Wyman J, Changeux JP. 1965. On the nature of allosteric transitions: a plausible model. J Mol Biol. 12(1):88–118. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80285-6.
  • Morgan AH. 1973. The heritability of hypnotic susceptibility in twins. J Abnorm Psychol. 82(1):55–61. doi:10.1037/h0034854.
  • Morgan AH, Hilgard ER, Davert EC. 1970. The heritability of hypnotic susceptibility of twins: a preliminary report. Behav Genet. 1(3):213–224. doi:10.1007/BF01074653.
  • Mudrik L, Faivre N, Koch C. 2014. Information integration without awareness. Trends Cogn Sci. 18(9):488–496. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.009.
  • Munoz-Musat E, Rohaut B, Sangare A, Benhaiem JM, Naccache L. 2022. Hypnotic Induction of Deafness to Elementary Sounds: an Electroencephalography Case-Study and a Proposed Cognitive and Neural Scenario. Front Neurosci. (16):756651. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.756651.
  • Naccache L. 2006. Le Nouvel Inconscient. Freud, Christophe Colomb des neurosciences. Paris: Odile Jacob.
  • Naccache L. 2008. Conscious influences on subliminal cognition exist and are asymmetrical: validation of a double prediction. Conscious Cogn. 17(4):1359–1360; discussion 1361-1353. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.01.002.
  • Naccache L. 2018. Why and how access consciousness can account for phenomenal consciousness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 373(1755):20170357. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0357.
  • Naccache L, Blandin E, Dehaene S. 2002. Unconscious masked priming depends on temporal attention. Psychol Sci. 13(5):416–424. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00474.
  • Naccache L, Dehaene S. 2007. Reportability and illusions of phenomenality in the light of the global neuronal workspace model. Behav Brain Sci. 30(5-6):518–520. doi:10.1017/S0140525X07002993.
  • Naccache L, Dehaene S, Cohen L, Habert MO, Guichart-Gomez E, Galanaud D, Willer JC. 2005. Effortless control: executive attention and conscious feeling of mental effort are dissociable. Neuropsychologia. 43(9):1318–1328. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.024.
  • Neely JH, Kahan TA. 2001. Is semantic activation automatic? A critical re-evaluation. The nature of remembering. Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder. H. L. Roediger III, J. S. Nairne, I. Neath and A. M. Surprenant. Washington, DC: APA; p. 69–93.
  • Nitzan U, Chalamish Y, Krieger I, Erez HB, Braw Y, Lichtenberg P. 2015. Suggestibility as a predictor of response to antidepressants: a preliminary prospective trial. J Affect Disord. 185:8–11. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.028.
  • Pashler H. 1984. Processing stages in overlapping tasks: evidence for a central bottleneck. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 10(3):358–377. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.10.3.358.
  • Piccione C, Hilgard ER, Zimbardo PG. 1989. On the degree of stability of measured hypnotizability over a 25-year period. J Pers Soc Psychol. 56(2):289–295. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.289.
  • Popkirov S, Grönheit W, Wellmer J. 2015. A systematic review of suggestive seizure induction for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Seizure. 31:124–132. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2015.07.016.
  • Posner MI, Snyder CRR. 1975. Attention and cognitive control. In: Information processing and cognition: the Loyola Symposium, 55–85. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Reuss H, Desender K, Kiesel A, Kunde W. 2014. Unconscious conflicts in unconscious contexts: the role of awareness and timing in flexible conflict adaptation. J Exp Psychol Gen. 143(4):1701–1718. doi:10.1037/a0036437.
  • Rohaut B, Alario F-X, Meadow J, Cohen L, Naccache L. 2016. Unconscious semantic processing of polysemous words is not automatic. Neurosci Conscious. 2016(1):niw010. doi:10.1093/nc/niw010.
  • Rosenthal DM. 2000. Consciousness, content, and metacognitive judgments. Conscious Cogn. 9(2 Pt 1):203–214. doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0437.
  • Rozier C, Seidel Malkinson T, Hasboun D, Baulac M, Adam C, Lehongre K, Clémenceau S, Navarro V, Naccache L. 2020. Conscious and unconscious expectancy effects: a behavioral, scalp and intracranial electroencephalography study. Clin Neurophysiol. 131(2):385–400. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.10.024.
  • Salti M, El Karoui I, Maillet M, Naccache L. 2014. Cognitive dissonance resolution is related to episodic memory. PLoS One. 9(9):e108579. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108579.
  • Salvador A, Berkovitch L, Vinckier F, Cohen L, Naccache L, Dehaene S, Gaillard R. 2018. Unconscious memory suppression. Cognition. 180:191–199. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.023.
  • Schmidt B, Hecht H, Naumann E, Miltner WHR. 2017. The power of mind: blocking visual perception by hypnosis. Sci Rep. 7(1):4889. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05195-2.
  • Schneider W, Shiffrin RM. 1977. Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychol Rev. 84(1):1–66. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.1.1.
  • Schouppe N, de Ferrerre E, Van Opstal F, Braem S, Notebaert W. 2014. Conscious and unconscious context-specific cognitive control. Front Psychol. 5:539. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00539.
  • Sergent C, Baillet S, Dehaene S. 2005. Timing of the brain events underlying access to consciousness during the attentional blink. Nat Neurosci. 8(10):1391–1400. doi:10.1038/nn1549.
  • Sigman M, Dehaene S. 2005. Parsing a cognitive task: a characterization of the mind’s bottleneck. PLoS Biol. 3(2):e37. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030037.
  • Smith PH, Joris PX, Yin TC. 1993. Projections of physiologically characterized spherical bushy cell axons from the cochlear nucleus of the cat: evidence for delay lines to the medial superior olive. J Comp Neurol. 331(2):245–260. doi:10.1002/cne.903310208.
  • Stolz JA, Besner D. 1997. Visual word recognition effort after meaning but not (necessarily) meaning after effort. J Exp Psychol Human Perception Perform. 23(5):1314–1322. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.23.5.1314.
  • Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, Coleman R, Roberts R, Warlow C, Hibberd C, Murray G, Cull R, Pelosi A, et al. 2009. Symptoms 'unexplained by organic disease’ in 1144 new neurology out-patients: how often does the diagnosis change at follow-up? Brain. 132(Pt 10):2878–2888. doi:10.1093/brain/awp220.
  • Szechtman H, Woody E, Bowers KS, Nahmias C. 1998. Where the imaginal appears real: a positron emission tomography study of auditory hallucinations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95(4):1956–1960. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1956.
  • Tandetnik C, Sohier E, Capelle L, Du Boullay V, Obadia M, Chammat M, Pyatigorskaia N, Naccache L. 2021. Cognitive dissonance resolution depends on executive functions and frontal lobe integrity. Cortex. 139:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.02.018.
  • Tiihonen J, Kuikka J, Viinamäki H, Lehtonen J, Partanen J. 1995. Altered cerebral blood flow during hysterical paresthesia. Biol Psychiatry. 37(2):134–135. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00230-Z.
  • Tononi G, Boly M, Massimini M, Koch C. 2016. Integrated information theory: from consciousness to its physical substrate. Nat Rev Neurosci. 17(7):450–461. doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.44.
  • Trujillo-Rodriguez D, Faymonville ME, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A. 2019. Hypnosis for cingulate-mediated analgesia and disease treatment. Handb Clin Neurol. 166:327–339.
  • Van den Bussche E, Segers G, Reynvoet B. 2008. Conscious and unconscious proportion effects in masked priming. Conscious Cogn. 17(4):1345–1358. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.08.005.
  • van Gaal S, Ridderinkhof KR, Fahrenfort JJ, Scholte HS, Lamme VA. 2008. Frontal cortex mediates unconsciously triggered inhibitory control. J Neurosci. 28(32):8053–8062. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1278-08.2008.
  • van Gaal S, Ridderinkhof KR, van den Wildenberg WP, Lamme VA. 2009. Dissociating consciousness from inhibitory control: evidence for unconsciously triggered response inhibition in the stop-signal task. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 35(4):1129–1139. doi:10.1037/a0013551.
  • Van Opstal F, Gevers W, Osman M, Verguts T. 2010. Unconscious task application. Conscious Cogn. 19(4):999–1006. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.05.002.
  • Vanhaudenhuyse A, Laureys S, Faymonville ME. 2014. Neurophysiology of hypnosis. Neurophysiol Clin. 44(4):343–353. doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2013.09.006.
  • Vogel EK, Luck SJ, Shapiro KL. 1998. Electrophysiological evidence for a postperceptual locus of suppression during the attentional blink. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 24(6):1656–1674. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.24.6.1656.
  • Voigt K, Murawski C, Speer S, Bode S. 2019. Hard decisions shape the neural coding of preferences. J Neurosci. 39(4):718–726. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1681-18.2018.
  • Vollhardt R, Arnulf I, Garcin B. 2022. Sleep recording for the diagnosis and treatment of paraplegia. JAMA Neurol. 79(6):627. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0619.
  • Vonderlin R, Kleindienst N, Alpers GW, Bohus M, Lyssenko L, Schmahl C. 2018. Dissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Med. 48(15):2467–2476. doi:10.1017/S0033291718000740.
  • Vuilleumier P, Chicherio C, Assal F, Schwartz S, Slosman D, Landis T. 2001. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of hysterical sensorimotor loss. Brain. 124(Pt 6):1077–1090. doi:10.1093/brain/124.6.1077.
  • Wieder L, Brown R, Thompson T, Terhune DB. 2021. Suggestibility in functional neurological disorder: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 92(2):150–157. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323706.
  • Wieder L, Brown RJ, Thompson T, Terhune DB. 2022. Hypnotic suggestibility in dissociative and related disorders: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 139:104751. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104751.
  • Woody EZ, Barnier AJ. 2008. Hypnosis scales for the twenty-first century: what do we need and how should we use them? In: M. R. Nash and A. J. Barnier, editors. The Oxford handbook of hypnosis: theory, research, and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press; p. 255–280.
  • Woody EZ, Barnier AJ, McConkey KM. 2005. Multiple hypnotizabilities: differentiating the building blocks of hypnotic response. Psychol Assess. 17(2):200–211. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.200.