Failure analysis of masonry wall panels subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane loading using the discrete element method

References

• Andreaus, U., & Casini, P. (1999a). Dynamics of three-block assemblies with unilateral deformable contacts. Part 1: Contact modelling. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamicsand Structural Dynamics, 28(12), 1621–1636. Volume Issue December Pages
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreaus, U., & Casini, P. (1999b). Dynamics of three-block assemblies with unilateral deformable contacts. Part 2: Actual application. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamicsand Structural Dynamics, 28(12), 1637–1649. Volume Issue December Pages
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, T. T. (2013). Masonry walls submitted to out-of-plane loading: Experimental and numerical study. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). INSA Lyon, Lyon. http://www.sudoc.fr/183858298.
   Google Scholar
• Bui, T. T., & Limam, A. (2014). Out-of-plane behaviour of hollow concrete block masonry walls unstrengthened and strengthened with CFRP composite. Composites Part B: Engineering, 67, 527–542. Volume December Pages 2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, T. T., Limam, A., & Bui, Q. B. (2014). Characterization of vibration and damage in masonry structures: Experimental and numerical analysis. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 18(10), 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, T. T., Limam, A., Sarhosis, V., & Hjiaj, M. (2017). Discrete element modelling of the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of dry-joint masonry wall constructions. Engineering Structures, 136, 277–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, V. L. (1993). The behaviour of laterally loaded masonry panels with openings. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). University of Plymouth, Plymouth.
   Google Scholar
• Colas, A. S. (2009). Mechanical modeling of dry stone retaining walls by calculation at failure and experimentation scale 1. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). ENTPE, Vaulx-en-Velin.
   Google Scholar
• Cundall, P. A. (1971a). A computer model for simulating progressive, large scale movements in blocky rock systems. Proc. Int. Symp. Rock Fracture, ISRM, Nancy, Vol. 1, Paper II–8.
   Google Scholar
• Cundall, P. A. (1971b). The measurement and analysis of acceleration in rock slopes. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, London.
   Google Scholar
• EN 1996-1-1 (2005). Design of masonry structures. Part 1-1: General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry. CEN, Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Essawy, A. S. (1986). Strength of Block Masonry Walls Subject to Lateral Loading. (PhD Thesis). McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. http://hdl.handle.net/11375/14319
   Google Scholar
• Gazzola, E. A., Drysdale, R. G., & Essawy, A. S. (1985). Bending of concrete masonry walls at different angles to the bed joint. Proceedings of 3rd North American Masonry Conference, Arlington, TX, USA, Paper 27.
   Google Scholar
• Giamundo, V., Sarhosis, V., Lignola, G. P., Sheng, Y., & Manfredi, G. (2014). Evaluation of different computational modelling strategies for modelling low strength masonry. Engineering Structures, 73, 160–169. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry, A. W., Sinha, B. P., & Davies, S. R. (2004). Design of masonry structures. London: E&FN Spon.
   Google Scholar
• Itasca, 3DEC. (2018). Three Dimensional Distinct Element Code, Version 6.0, Itasca, Minneapolis.
   Google Scholar
• Johansen, K. W. (1972). Yield-line formulae for slabs, Cement and Concrete Association, London
   Google Scholar
• Kelman, I., & Spence, R. (2003). A limit analysis of unreinforced masonry failing under flood water pressures. Masonry International, 16(2), 51–61.
   Google Scholar
• Lemos, J. V. (2007). Discrete element modeling of masonry structures. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1(2), 190–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofti, H. R., & Shing, P. B. (1991). An appraisal of smeared crack models for masonry shear wall analysis. Computer and Structure, 41(5), 413–425.
   Google Scholar
• Lourenço, P. B. (1996). Computational strategies for masonry structures. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Lourenço, P. B. (1997). An anisotropic macro-model for masonry plates and shells: Implementation and validation. Rep. No. 03.21.1.3.07, University of Delft, Holland and University of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Lourenço, P. B. (2000). Aspects related to the out-of-plane numerical modeling of masonry. Masonry International, 14, 31–34.
   Google Scholar
• Lourenço, P. B., & Rots, J. G. (1997). Multisurface interface model for analysis of masonry structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 123(7), 660–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurati, F., & Thürlimann, B. (1990). Tests in concrete masonry walls (in German). Report No. 8401-3, Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Moradabadi, E., & Laefer, D. (2014). Opportunities in numerical modelling of pre-existing damage of historical masonry buildings (paper 1600). In 9th International Masonry Conference, Guimarães, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Munjiza, A. (2004). The combined finite-discrete element method. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Rots, J. G., Nauta, P., Kusters, G. M. A., & Blaauwendraad, J. (1985). Smeared crack approach and fracture localization in concrete. Heron, 30(1), 3–48.
   Google Scholar
• Sarhosis, V. (2012). Computational modelling of low bond strength masonry. (Unpublished PhD thesis). University of Leeds, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Sarhosis, V., Garrity, S. W., & Sheng, Y. (2015). Influence of the brick-mortar interface on the mechanical response of low bond strength masonry lintels. Engineering Structures, 88, 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.12.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarhosis, V., & Lemos, J. V. (2018). Detailed micro-modelling of masonry using the discrete element method. Computers and Structures, 206, 66–81.
   Google Scholar
• Sarhosis, V., Oliveira, D. V., Lemos, J. V., & Lourenco, P. (2014a). The effect of the angle of skew on the mechanical behaviour of arches. Journal of Mechanics Research Communications, 61, 49–53. doi: 10.1016/j.mechrescom.2014.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarhosis, V., & Sheng, Y. (2014). Identification of material parameters for low bond strength masonry. Engineering Structures, 60, 100–110. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.12.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarhosis, V., Tsavdaridis, K., & Giannopoulos, G. (2014b). Discrete Element Modelling of masonry in-filled steel frames with multiple window openings subjected to lateral load variations. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 8(1), 93–103.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. (1971). Structural Brickwork – materials and performance. The Structural Engineer, 49(10), 441–450.
   Google Scholar