References
- Abdulkareem, O. A., Mustafa Al Bakri, A. M., Kamarudin, H., & Khairul Nizar, I. (2013). Alteration in the microstructure of fly ash geopolymers upon exposure to elevated temperatures. Advanced Materials Research, 795, 201–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.795.201
- Adak, D., Sarkar, M., & Mandal, S. (2014). Effect of nano-silica on strength and durability of fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 70, 453–459. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.093
- Adam, A. A. (2009). Strength and durability properties of alkali-activated slag and fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Environmental and Chemical Engineering RMIT University.
- Ahmari, S., & Zhang, L. (2013). Durability and leaching behavior of mine tailings-based geopolymer bricks. Construction and Building Materials, 44, 743–750. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.075
- Albitar, M., Mohamed Ali, M. S., Visintin, P., & Drechsler, M. (2017). Durability evaluation of geopolymer and conventional concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 136, 374–385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.056
- Alcamand, H. A., Borges, P. H., Silva, F. A., & Trindade, A. C. (2018). The effect of matrix composition and calcium content on the sulfate durability of metakaolin and metakaolin/slag alkali-activated mortars. Ceramics International, 44(5), 5037–5044. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.12.102
- Al-Otaibi, S. (2008). Durability of concrete incorporating GGBS activated by water glass. Construction and Building Materials, 22(10), 2059–2067. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.023
- Aperador, W., Bautista, J., & Vera, E. (2011). Mossbauer and XRD analysis of corrosion products of carbonated alkali-activated slag reinforced concretes. Dyna 170, 198–203.
- Aperador, W., de Gutiérrez, R., & Bastidas, D. (2009). Steel corrosion behaviour in carbonated alkali-activated slag concrete. Corrosion Science, 51(9), 2027–2033. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.05.033
- Atahan, H. N., & Dikme, D. (2011). Use of mineral admixtures for enhanced resistance against sulfate attack. Construction and Building Materials, 25(8), 3450–3457. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.036
- Aye, T., & Oguchi, C. T. (2011). Resistance of plain and blended cement mortars exposed to severe sulfate attacks. Construction and Building Materials, 25(6), 2988–2996. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.106
- Babaee, M., & Castel, A. (2016). Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement in low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 88, 96–107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.05.012
- Babaee, M., & Castel, A. (2018). Chloride diffusivity, chloride threshold, and corrosion initiation in reinforced alkali-activated mortars: Role of calcium, alkali, and silicate content. Cement and Concrete Research, 111, 56–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.06.009
- Bakharev, T. (2005). Durability of geopolymer materials in sodium and magnesium sulfate solutions. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1233–1246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.002
- Bakharev, T., Sanjayan, J. G., & Cheng, Y. B. (2001a). Resistance of alkali-activated slag to alkali–aggregate reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(2), 331–334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00483-X
- Bakharev, T., Sanjayan, J. G., & Cheng, Y.-B. (2001b). Resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete to carbonation. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(9), 1277–1283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00574-9
- Bakharev, T., Sanjayan, J. G., & Cheng, Y. B. (2002). Sulfate attack on alkali -activated slag concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(2), 211–216. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00659-7
- Bakharev, T., Sanjayan, J. G., & Cheng, Y. B. (2003). Resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete to acid attack. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(10), 1607–1611. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00125-X
- Balcikanli, M., & Ozbay, E. (2016). Optimum design of alkali activated slag concretes for the low oxygen/chloride ion permeability and thermal conductivity. Composites Part B: Engineering, 91, 243–256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.01.047
- Balonis, M., Lothenbach, B., Saout, G. L., & Glasser, F. P. (2010). Impact of chloride on the mineralogy of hydrated Portland cement systems. Cement and Concrete Research, 40(7), 1009–1022. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.03.002
- Bastidas, D. M., Jimenez, A. F., Palomo, A., & Gonzalez, J. A. (2008). Study on the passive state stability of steel embedded in activated fly ash. Corrosion Science, 50(4), 1058–1065. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2007.11.016
- Behfarnia, K., & Rostami, M. (2017a). An assessment on parameters affecting the carbonation of alkali-activated slag concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 157, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.097
- Behfarnia, K., & Rostami, M. (2017b). Effects of micro and nanoparticles of SiO2 on the permeability of alkali activated slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 131, 205–213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.070
- Bernal, S., De Gutierrez, R., Delvasto, S., & Rodriguez, E. (2010a). Performance of an alkali activated slag concrete reinforced with steel fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 24(2), 208–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.027
- Bernal, S., de Gutiérrez, R., Pedraza, A., Provis, J., & Rose, V. (2010b). Effect of silicate modulus and metakaolin incorporation on the carbonation of alkali silicate-activated slags. Cement and Concrete Research, 40(6), 898–907. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.003
- Bernal, S., de Gutiérrez, R., Pedraza, A., Provis, J., Rodriguez, E., & Delvasto, S. (2011a). Effect of binder content on the performance of alkali-activated slag concretes. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.08.017
- Bernal, S. A. (2015a). Effect of the activator dose on the compressive strength and accelerated carbonation resistance of alkali silicate-activated slag/metakaolin blended materials. Construction and Building Materials, 98, 217–226. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.013
- Bernal, S. A., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., & Provis, J. L. (2012a). Engineering and durability properties of concretes based on alkali-activated granulated blast furnace slag/metakaolin blends. Construction and Building Materials, 33, 99–108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.01.017
- Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Brice, D. G., Kilcullen, A., Duxson, P., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2012b). Accelerated carbonation testing of alkali-activated binders significantly underestimates service life: The role of pore solution chemistry. Cement and Concrete Research, 42(10), 1317–1326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.07.002
- Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Mejia de Gutierrez, R., & Rose, V. (2011b). Evolution of binder structure in sodium silicate-activated slag-metakaolin blends. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.004
- Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2015b). Accelerated carbonation testing of alkali-activated slag/metakaolin blended concretes: Effect of exposure conditions. Materials and Structures, 48(3), 653–669. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0289-4
- Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Walkley, B., San Nicolas, R., Gehman, J. D., Brice, D. G., Kilcullen, A. R., Duxson, P., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2013). Gel nanostructure in alkali-activated binders based on slag and fly ash, and effects of accelerated carbonation. Cement and Concrete Research, 53, 127–144. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.06.007
- Bernal, S. A., San Nicolas, R., Myers, R. J., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., Puertas, F., van Deventer, J. S. J., & Provis, J. L. (2014a). MgO content of slag controls phase evolution and structural changes induced by accelerated carbonation in alkali-activated binders. Cement and Concrete Research, 57, 33–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.12.003
- Bernal, S. A., San Nicolas, R., Provis, J. L., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2014b). Natural carbonation of aged alkali-activated slag concretes. Materials and Structures, 47(4), 693–707. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0089-2
- Bondar, D. (2009). Alkali activation of Iranian natural pozzolans for producing geopolymer cement and concrete [Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy]. University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
- Bondar, D., Lynsdale, C. J., Milestone, N. B., & Hassani, N. (2012). Oxygen and chloride permeability of alkali-activated natural pozzolan concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 109(1), 53–61.
- Bondar, D., Lynsdale, C. J., Milestone, N. B., & Hassani, N. (2015). Sulfate resistance of alkali activated pozzolans. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 9(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-014-0093-0
- Bortnovsky, O., Dvorakova, K., Roubicek, P., Pousek, J., Prudkova, Z., & Baxa, P. (2007). Development, properties and production of geopolymers based on secondary raw materials. Alkali activated materials – research, production and utilization 3rd conference, Prague, Czech Republic. p. 83–96.
- Brooks, R., Bahadory, M., Tovia, F., & Rostami, H. (2010). Properties of alkali-activated fly ash: High performance to lightweight. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 3(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2010.487162
- Brough, A. R., Holloway, M., Sykes, J., & Atkinson, A. (2000). Sodium silicate-based alkali-activated slag mortars Part II The retarding effect of additions of sodium chloride or malic acid. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(9), 1375–1379. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00356-2
- Byfors, K., Klingstedt, G., Lehtonen, V., Pyy, H., & Romben, L. (1989). Durability of concrete made with alkali-activated slag. In V. M. Malhotra (Ed.), Third international conference proceedings. Fly ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete ,American Concrete Institute(pp. 1429–1466).
- Cartwright, C. P., Rajabipour, F., & Radlinska, A. (2013a). Measuring the chemical shrinkage of alkali-activated slag cements using the buoyancy method, mechanics and physics of creep, shrinkage, and durability of concrete: A tribute to Zdenek P. Bazant [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability Mechanics (CONCREEP-9), Cambridge, MA. ASCE Publications (p. 308). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413111.036
- Cartwright, C., Rajabipour, F., & Radlinska, A. (2013b). Shrinkage characteristics of alkaliactivated slag cements [Paper presentation]. 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technology-SCMT2013, Ktoto, Japan.
- Castellote, M., Fernandez, L., Andrade, C., & Alonso, C. (2009). Chemical changes and phase analysis of OPC pastes carbonated at different CO2 concentrations. Materials and Structures, 42(4), 515–525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9399-1
- Çevik, A., Alzeebaree, R., Humur, G., Niş, A., & Gülşan, M. E. (2018). Effect of nano-silica on the chemical durability and mechanical performance of fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Ceramics International, 44(11), 12253–12264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.04.009
- Chang, J. J., Yeih, W., & Hung, C. C. (2005). Effects of gypsum and phosphoric acid on the properties of sodium silicate-based alkali-activated slag pastes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 27(1), 85–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2003.12.001
- Chaparro, W. A., Ruiz, J. H. B., & Gómez, R. d. J. T. (2011). Corrosion of reinforcing bars embedded in alkali-activated slag concrete subjected to chloride attack. Materials Research, 15(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392011005000096
- Chen, W., & Brouwers, H. J. H. (2007). The hydration of slag, part 1: Reaction models for alkali-activated slag. Journal of Materials Science, 42(2), 428–443. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0873-2
- Chi, M. (2012). Effects of dosage of alkali-activated solution and curing conditions on the properties and durability of alkali-activated slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 35, 240–245. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.005
- Chi, M. C., Chang, J. J., & Huang, R. (2012). Strength and drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag paste and mortar. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2012, 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/579732
- Chi, M., & Huang, R. (2013). Binding mechanism and properties of alkali-activated fly ash/slag mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 40, 291–298. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.003
- Chi, M., Liu, Y., & Huang, R. (2015). Mechanical and microstructural characterization of alkali-activated materials based on fly ash and slag. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 59–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2015.V7.767
- Collins, F., & Sanjayan, J. (2000). Effect of pore size distribution on drying shrinking of alkali-activated slag concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(9), 1401–1406. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00327-6
- Collins, F., & Sanjayan, J. (2001). Microcracking and strength development of alkaliactivated slag concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 23(4-5), 345–352. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00003-8
- Collins, F., & Sanjayan, J. (2008). Unsaturated capillary flow within alkali activated slag concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 20(9), 565–570. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:9(565)
- Criado, M., Palomo, A., & Fernandez-Jimenez, A. (2005). Alkali activation of fly ashes. Part 1: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of the reaction products. Fuel 84(16), 2048–2054. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.03.030
- Cui, H., Tang, W., Liu, W., Dong, Z., & Xing, F. (2015). Experimental study on effects of CO2 concentrations on concrete carbonation and diffusion mechanisms. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 522–527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.007
- Davidovits, J., Comrie, D. C., Paterson, J. H., & Ritcey, D. J. (1990). Geopolymeric concretes for environmental protection. ACI Concrete International 12, 30–40.
- De Ceukelaire, L., & Van Nieuwenburg, D. (1993). Accelerated carbonation of a blastfurnace cement concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 23(2), 442–452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(93)90109-M
- Deb, P. S., Sarker, P. K., & Barbhuiya, S. (2016). Sorptivity and acid resistance of ambientcured geopolymer mortars containing nano-silica. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72, 235–245. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.06.017
- Deja, J. (2002). Carbonation aspects of alkali activated slag mortars and concretes. Silicates Industriels, 67(1), 37–42.
- Della, W. J., Roy, M., & Silsbee, M. R. (2000). Chloride diffusion in ordinary, blended, and alkali-activated cement pastes and its relation to other properties. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(12), 1879–1884. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00406-3
- Djobo, J. N. Y., Elimbi, A., Tchakouté, H. K., & Kumar, S. (2016). Mechanical properties and durability of volcanic ash based geopolymer mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 124, 606–614. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.141
- Hardjito, D., Wallah, S. E., Sumajouw, D. M. J., & Rangan, B. V. (2004). On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 101(6), 467–472.
- Dolezal, J., Skvara, F., Svoboda, P., Sulc, R., Kopecky, L., Pavlasova, S., Myskova, L., Lucuk, M., & Dvoracek, K. (2007). Concrete based on fly ash geopolymers. Alkali activated materials – research, production and utilization 3rd conference, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 185–197.
- Duan, P., Yan, C., & Zhou, W. (2016). Influence of partial replacement of fly ash by metakaolin on mechanical properties and microstructure of fly ash geopolymer paste exposed to sulfate attack. Ceramics International, 42(2), 3504–3517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.10.154
- Duan, P., Yan, C., Zhou, W., Luo, W., & Shen, C. (2015). An investigation of the microstructure and durability of a fluidized bed fly ash–metakaolin geopolymer after heat and acid exposure. Materials & Design, 74, 125–137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.009
- Dubina, E., Korat, L., Black, L., Strupi-Suput, J., & Plank, J. (2013). Influence of water vapour and carbon dioxide on free lime during storage at 80 °C, studied by Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 111, 299–303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.04.033
- El-Didamony, H., Amer, A. A., & Ela-Ziz, H. A. (2012). Properties and durability of alkali-activated slag pastes immersed in sea water. Ceramics International, 38(5), 3773–3780. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.01.024
- Elfmarkova, V., Spiesz, P., & Brouwers, H. J. H. (2015). Determination of the chloride diffusion coefficient in blended cement mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 78, 190–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.06.014
- El-Sayed, H. A., Abo, E. E. S., Khater, H. M., & Hasanein, S. A. (2011). Resistance of alkali-activated water-cooled slag geopolymer to sulphate attack. Ceramics-Silikáty 55, 153–160.
- Elyamany, H. E., Elmoaty, A. E., & Elshaboury, A. M. (2018). Magnesium sulfate resistance of geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 184, 111–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.212
- Fagerlund, G. (1982). On the capillarity of concrete. Nordic Concrete Research 1, 6.1–6.20.
- Fansuri, H., Prasetyoko, D., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, D. (2012). The effect of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide on the strength of aggregates made from coal fly ash using the geopolymerisation method. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 7(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.493
- Fernandez-Jimenez, A., García-Lodeiro, I., & Palomo, A. (2007). Durability of alkali-activated fly ash cementitious materials. Journal of Materials Science, 42(9), 3055–3065. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0584-8
- Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Palomo, A., & Lopez-Hombrados, C. (2006). Some engineering properties of alkali-activated fly ash concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 103, 106–112.
- Fernandez-Jimenez, A., & Puertas, F. (2002). The alkali–silica reaction in alkali-activated slag mortars with reactive aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(7), 1019–1024. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00745-1
- Fu, Y., Cai, L., & Wu, Y. (2011). Freeze–thaw cycle test and damage mechanics models of alkali-activated slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25(7), 3144–3148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.006
- Galan, I., Andrade, C., & Castellote, M. (2013). Natural and accelerated CO2 binding kinetics in cement paste at different relative humidities. Cement and Concrete Research, 49, 21–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.009
- Ganesan, N., Abraham, R., & Raj, S. D. (2015). Durability characteristics of steel fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 471–476. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.014
- Gao, X., Yu, Q. L., & Brouwers, H. J. H. (2016). Assessing the porosity and shrinkage of alkali activated slag-fly ash composites designed applying a packing model. Construction and Building Materials, 119, 175–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.026
- García-Lodeiro, I., Palomo, A., & Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2007). Alkali–aggregate reaction in activated fly ash systems. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.11.002
- Gourley, J. T., & Johnson, G. B. (2005). Developments in geopolymer precast concrete. Proc of Geopolymer 2005 World Congress, Geopolymer green chemestry and sustainable development solutions, S. Quentin, France, pp. 139–143.
- Gruskovnjak, A., Lothenbach, B., Holzer, L., Figi, R., & Winnefeld, F. (2006). Hydration of alkaliactivated slag: Comparison with ordinary Portland cement. Advances in Cement Research, 18(3), 119–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2006.18.3.119
- Gunasekara, C., Law, D. W., & Setunge, S. (2016). Long term permeation properties of different fly ash geopolymer concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 124, 352–362. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.121
- Häkkinen, T. (1993). The influence of slag content on the microstructure, permeability and mechanical properties of concrete Part 1 Microstructural studies and basic mechanical properties. Cement and Concrete Research, 23(2), 407–421. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(93)90106-J
- Hanjitsuwan, S., Phoo-Ngernkham, T., Li, L. Y., Damrongwiriyanupap, N., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2018). Strength development and durability of alkali-activated fly ash mortar with calcium carbide residue as additive. Construction and Building Materials, 162, 714–723. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.034
- Hawa, A., Tonnayopas, D., Prachasaree, W., & Taneerananon, P. (2013). Investigating the effects of oil palm ash in metakaolin based geopolymer. Ceramics-Silikaty 57, 319–327.
- He, Z. M., Long, G. C., & Xie, Y. J. (2012). Influence of subsequent curing on water sorptivity and pore structure of steam-cured concrete. Journal of Central South University, 19(4), 1155–1162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-012-1122-2
- Heikal, M., Nassar, M. Y., El-Sayed, G., & Ibrahim, S. M. (2014). Physico-chemical, mechanical, microstructure and durability characteristics of alkali activated Egyptian slag. Construction and Building Materials, 69, 60–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.026
- Hu, M., Zhu, X., & Long, F. (2009). Alkali-activated fly ash-based geopolymers with zeolite or bentonite as additives. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(10), 762–768. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.07.006
- Huseien, G. F., Tahir, M. M., Mirza, J., Ismail, M., Shah, K. W., & Asaad, M. A. (2018). Effects of POFA replaced with FA on durability properties of GBFS included alkali activated mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 175, 174–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.166
- Ismail, I., Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Hamdan, S., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2013). Microstructural changes in alkali activated fly ash/slag geopolymers with sulfate exposure. Materials and Structures, 46(3), 361–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9906-2
- Ismail, I., Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Hamdan, S., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2013a). Drying-induced changes in the structure of alkali-activated pastes. Journal of Materials Science, 48(9), 3566–3577. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7152-9
- Ismail, I., Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., San Nicolas, R., Brice, D. G., Kilcullen, A. R., Hamdan, S., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2013b). Influence of fly ash on the water and chloride permeability of alkali-activated slag mortars and concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 48, 1187–1201. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.106
- Ismail, I., Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., San Nicolas, R., Hamdan, S., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2014). Modification of phase evolution in alkali-activated blast furnace slag by the incorporation of fly ash. Cement and Concrete Composites, 45, 125–135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.006
- Juenger, M. C. G., Winnefeld, F., Provis, J. L., & Ideker, J. H. (2011). Advances in alternative cementitious binders. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(12), 1232–1243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.012
- Kabir, S. A., Alengaram, U. J., Jumaat, M. Z., Yusoff, S., Sharmin, A., & Bashar, I. I. (2017). Performance evaluation and some durability characteristics of environmental friendly palm oil clinker based geopolymer concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 477–492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.002
- Kani, E., Allahverdi, A., & Provis, J. (2012). Efflorescence control in geopolymer binders based on natural pozzolan. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.07.007
- Karakoç, M. B., Türkmen, İ., Maraş, M. M., Kantarci, F., & Demirboğa, R. (2016). Sulfate resistance of ferrochrome slag based geopolymer concrete. Ceramics International, 42(1), 1254–1260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.09.058
- Karim, M. R., Hossain, M. M., Khan, M. N. N., Zain, M. F. M., Jamil, M., & Lai, F. C. (2014). On the utilization of pozzolanic wastes as an alternative resource of cement. Materials (Basel, Switzerland)), 7(12), 7809–7827. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7127809
- Karthik, A., Sudalaimani, K., & Vijayakumar, C. T. (2017). Durability study on coal fly ash-blast furnace slag geopolymer concretes with bio-additives. Ceramics International, 43(15), 11935–11943. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.06.042
- Kayali, O., Khan, M. S. H., & Ahmed, M. S. (2012). The role of hydrotalcite in chloride binding and corrosion protection in concretes with ground granulated blast furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(8), 936–945. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.04.009
- Khater, H. M. (2014). Studying the effect of thermal and acid exposure on alkaliactivated slag geopolymer. Advances in Cement Research, 26(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.11.00052
- Kim, Y. Y., Lee, B. J., Saraswathy, V., & Kwon, S. J. (2014). Strength and durability performance of alkali-activated rice husk ash geopolymer mortar. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 209584. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/209584
- Komljenovic´, M., Bašcˇarevic´, Z., Marjanovic´, N., & Nikolic´, V. (2013). External sulfate attack on alkali-activated slag. Construction and Building Materials, 49, 31–39.
- Kupwade-Patil, K., & Allouche, E. N. (2013). Examination of chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced geopolymer concretes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(10), 1465–1476. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000672
- Kushal, G., & Partha, G. (2012). Effect of %Na2O and %SiO2 on apparent porosity and sorptivity of flyash based geopolymer. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 2, 96–101.
- Kwasny, J., Aiken, T. A., Soutsos, M. N., McIntosh, J. A., & Cleland, D. J. (2018). Sulfate and acid resistance of lithomarge-based geopolymer mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 166, 537–553. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.129
- Law, D., Patnaikuni, I., Adam, A., & Molyneaux, T. (2009). Strength, Sorptivity and carbonation of geopolymer concrete. In N. Ghafoori (Ed.), ISEC-5 2009 (pp. 563–568). CRC Press.
- Law, D. W., Adam, A. A., Molyneaux, T. K., & Patnaikuni, I. (2012). Durability assessment of alkali activated slag (AAS) concrete. Materials and Structures, 45(9), 1425–1437. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9842-1
- Lee, N. K., & Lee, H. K. (2016). Influence of the slag content on the chloride and sulfuric acid resistances of alkali-activated fly ash/slag paste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 72, 168–179. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.06.004
- Leemann, A., & Moro, F. (2016). Carbonation of concrete: The role of CO2 concentration, relative humidity and CO2 buffer capacity. Materials and Structures, 50(1), 1–14.
- Li, C., Sun, H., & Li, L. (2010). A review: The comparison between alkali-activated slag (Si + Ca) and metakaolin (Si + Al) cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 40(9), 1341–1349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.03.020
- Lloyd, R., Provis, J., & Van Deventer, S. J. S. (2010). Pore solution composition and alkali diffusion in inorganic polymer cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 40(9), 1386–1392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.04.008
- Luhar, S., Chaudhary, S., Dave, U., & Luhar, S. (2016). Effect of different parameters on the compressive strength of rubberized geopolymer concrete effect of different parameters on the compressive strength of rubberized geopolymer concrete. In Multidisciplinary sustainable engineering: Current and future trends, Edited by Tekwani, P.N., Bhavsar, M., Modi, B.A, CRC Press, ISBN 9780367737108(pp. 77–86). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1201/b20013-13.
- Luhar, S., Chaudhary, P., & Luhar, I. (2018a). Influence of steel crystal powder on performance of aggregate concrete. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 431, 102003. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/431/10/102003
- Luhar, S., Chaudhary, S., & Luhar, I. (2018b). Thermal resistance of fly ash based rubberized geopolymer concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 19, 420–428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.025
- Luhar, S., Chaudhary, S., & Luhar, I. (2019a). Development of rubberized geopolymer concrete: Strength and durability studies. Construction and Building Materials, 204, 740–753. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.185
- Luhar, S., Cheng, T.-W., & Luhar, I. (2019b). Incorporation of natural waste fromagricultural and aquacultural farming as supplementary materials withgreen concrete: A review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 175 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107076107076.
- Luhar, S., Cheng, T.-W., Nicolaides, D., Luhar, I., Panias, D., & Sakkas, K. (2019a). Valorisationof glass wastes for the development of geopolymer composites – durability, thermal and microstructural properties: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 222, 673–687. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.169
- Luhar, S., Cheng, T.-W., Nicolaides, D., Luhar, I., Panias, D., & Sakkas, K. (2019b). Valorisation of glass waste for development of Geopolymer composites – mechanical properties and rheological characteristics: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 220, 547–564. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.041
- Luhar, S., & Gourav, S. (2015). A review paper on self healing concrete. Journal of Civil Engineering Research, 5(3), 53–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5923/j.jce.20150503.01.
- Ma, Q., Nanukuttan, S. V., Basheer, P. A. M., Bai, Y., & Yang, C. (2016). Chloride transport and the resulting corrosion of steel bars in alkali activated slag concretes. Materials and Structures, 49(9), 3663–3677. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0747-7
- Ma, Y., Hu, J., & Ye, G. (2013). The pore structure and permeability of alkali activated fly ash. Fuel, 104, 771–780. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.05.034
- Malviya, M., & Goliya, H. S. (2014). Durability of fly ash based geopolymer concrete using alkaline solutions (NaOH and Na2SiO3). International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development 4, 18–33.
- McLellan, B. C., Williams, R. P., Lay, J., van Riessen, A., & Corder, G. D. (2011). Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary Portland cement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(9-10), 1080–1090. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.010
- Mehta, A., & Siddique, R. (2017a). Strength, permeability and microstructural characteristics of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials, 141, 325–334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.031
- Mehta, A., & Siddique, R. (2017b). Sulfuric acid resistance of fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 146, 136–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.077
- Mehta, A., & Siddique, R. (2018). Sustainable geopolymer concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag and rice husk ash: Strength and permeability properties. Journal of Cleaner Production, 205:49–57.
- Mermerdaş, K., Manguri, S., Nassani, D. E., & Oleiwi, S. M. (2017). Effect of aggregate properties on the mechanical and absorption characteristics of geopolymer mortar. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 20(6), 1642–1652. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2017.11.009
- Miranda, J. M., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Gonzalez, J. A., & Palomo, A. (2005). Corrosion resistance in activated fly ash mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1210–1217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.030
- Mithun, B. M., & Narasimhan, M. C. (2016). Performance of alkali activated slag concrete mixes incorporating copper slag as fine aggregate. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 837–844. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.026
- Mobili, A., Belli, A., Giosuè, C., Bellezze, T., & Tittarelli, F. (2016). Metakaolin and fly ash alkali-activated mortars compared with cementitious mortars at the same strength class. Cement and Concrete Research, 88, 198–210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.07.004
- Monticelli, C., Natali, M. E., Balbo, A., Chiavari, C., Zanotto, F., Manzi, S., & Bignozzi, M. C. (2016a). Corrosion behavior of steel in alkali-activated fly ash mortars in the light of their microstructural, mechanical and chemical characterization. Cement and Concrete Research, 80, 60–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.11.001
- Monticelli, C., Natali, M. E., Balbo, A., Chiavari, C., Zanotto, F., Manzi, S., & Bignozzi, M. C. (2016b). A study on the corrosion of reinforcing bars in alkali-activated fly ash mortars under wet and dry exposures to chloride solutions. Cement and Concrete Research, 87, 53–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.05.010
- Najimi, M., Ghafoori, N., & Sharbaf, M. (2018). Alkali-activated natural pozzolan/slag mortars: A parametric study. Construction and Building Materials, 164, 625–643. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.222
- Neto, A. A. M., Cincotto, M. A., & Repette, W. (2008). Drying and autogenous shrinkage of pastes and mortars with activated slag cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(4), 565–574. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.11.002
- Neville, A. (1995). Chloride attack of reinforced concrete: An overview. Materials and Structures, 28(2), 63–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473172
- Okada, K., Ooyama, A., Isobe, T., Kameshima, Y., Nakajima, A., & MacKenzie, K. J. D. (2009). Water retention properties of porous geopolymers for use in cooling applications. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 29(10), 1917–1923. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.11.006
- Olivia, M., & Nikraz, H. R. (2010). Corrosion performance of embedded steel in fly ash geopolymer concrete by impressed voltage method. In Proceedings of the 21st Australian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (pp. 781-786). CRC Press/Baklema.
- Olivia, M., & Nikraz, H. R. (2011b). Strength and water penetrability of fly ash geopolymer concrete. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 6, 70–78.
- Pacheco-Torgal, F., Gomes, J. P., & Jalali, S. (2008a). Investigations on mix design of tungsten mine waste geopolymeric binders. Construction and Building Materials, 22(9), 1939–1949. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.015
- Pacheco-Torgal, F., Gomes, J. P., & Jalali, S. (2008b). Properties of tungsten mine waste geopolymeric binder. Construction and Building Materials, 22(6), 1201–1211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.022
- Pacheco-Torgal, F., Gomes, J. P., & Jalali, S. (2009). Tungsten mine waste geopolymeric binders. Preliminary hydration products. Construction and Building Materials, 23(1), 200–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.01.003
- Pacheco-Torgal, F., Gomes, J., & Jalali, S. (2008c). Adhesion characterization of tungsten mine waste geopolymeric binder. Influence of OPC concrete substrate surface treatment. Construction and Building Materials, 22(3), 154–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.10.005
- Pacheco-Torgal, F., Gomes, J., & Jalali, S. (2008d). Alkali – activated binders: A review Part 1: Historical background, terminology, reaction mechanisms and hydration products. Construction and Building Materials, 22(7), 1305–1314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.015
- Pacheco-Torgal, F., Gomes, J., & Jalali, S. (2008e). Alkali – activated binders: A review Part 2: About materials and binders manufacture. Construction and Building Materials, 22(7), 1315–1322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.019
- Pacheco-Torgal, F., Gomes, J., & Jalali, S. (2010). Durability and environmental performance of alkali-activated tungsten mine waste mud mortars. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 22, 897–904.
- Pacheco-Torgal, F., & Jalali, S. (2010). Influence of sodium carbonate addition on the thermal reactivity of tungsten mine waste mud based binders. Construction and Building Materials, 24(1), 56–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.018
- Palacios, M., & Puertas, F. (2006). Effect of carbonation on alkali-activated slag paste. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 89(10), 3211–3221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01214.x
- Palomo, A., Blanco-Varela, M. T., Granizo, M. L., Puertas, F., Vazquez, T., & Grutzeck, M. W. (1999). Chemical stability of cementitious materials based on metakaolin. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(7), 997–1004. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00074-5
- Palomo, A., Grutzeck, M. W., & Blanco, M. T. (1999). Alkali-activated fly ashes: A cement for the future. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(8), 1323–1329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00243-9
- Pan, Z., Li, D., Yu, J., & Yang, N. (2003). Properties and microstructure of the hardened alkali-activated red mud–slag cementitious material. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(9), 1437–1441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00093-0
- Park, J. W., Ann, K. Y., & Cho, C.-G. (2015). Resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete to chloride-induced corrosion. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015, 1–7.
- Parthiban, K., & Mohan, K. S. (2017). Influence of recycled concrete aggregates on the engineering and durability properties of alkali activated slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 133, 65–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.050
- Pasupathy, K., Berndt, M., Castel, A., Sanjayan, J., & Pathmanathan, R. (2016a). Carbonation of a blended slag-fly ash geopolymer concrete in field conditions after 8 years. Construction and Building Materials, 125, 661–669. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.078
- Pasupathy, K., Berndt, M., Sanjayan, J., & Pathmanathan, R. (2016b). Durability performance of concrete structures built with low carbon construction materials. Energy Procedia, 88, 794–799. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.130
- Pasupathy, K., Berndt, M., Sanjayan, J., Rajeev, P., & Cheema, D. S. (2017). Durability of low-calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete culvert in a saline environment. Cement and Concrete Research, 100, 297–310.
- Patil, K. K., & Allouche, E. N. (2012). Examination of chloride induced corrosion of reinforced geopolymer concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(10):1465-76.
- Pereira, A., Akasaki, J. L., Melges, J. L., Tashima, M. M., Soriano, L., Borrachero, M. V., Monzó, J., & Payá, J. (2015). Mechanical and durability properties of alkali-activated mortar based on sugarcane bagasse ash and blast furnace slag. Ceramics International, 41(10), 13012–13024. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.07.001
- Pouhet, R., & Cyr, M. (2016). Carbonation in the pore solution of metakaolin-based geopolymer. Cement and Concrete Research, 88, 227–235. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.05.008
- Puertas, F., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., & Blanco-Varela, M. T. (2004). Pore solution in alkali activated slag cement pastes. Relation to the composition and structure of calcium silicate hydrate. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00254-0
- Puertas, F., Gutiérrez, Rd., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Delvasto, S., & Maldonado, J. (2002). Alkaline cement mortars. Chemical resistance to sulfate and seawater attack. Materiales de Construcción, 52(267), 55–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2002.v52.i267.326
- Puertas, F., Martı́nez-Ramı́rez, S., Alonso, S., & Vázquez, T., (2000). Alkali-activated fly ash/slag cements: Strength behaviour and hydration products. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(10), 1625–1632. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00298-2
- Puertas, F., Palacios, M., Gil-Maroto, A., & Vázquez, T. (2009). Alkali–aggregate behaviour of alkali-activated slag mortars: Effect of aggregate type. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(5), 277–284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.02.008
- Puertas, F., Palacios, M., & Vazquez, T. (2006). Carbonation process of alkali-activated slag mortars. Journal of Materials Science, 41(10), 3071–3082. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-1821-2
- Punurai, W., Kroehong, W., Saptamongkol, A., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2018). Mechanical properties, microstructure and drying shrinkage of hybrid fly ash-basalt fiber geopolymer paste. Construction and Building Materials, 186, 62–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.115
- Qureshi, M. N., & Ghosh, S. (2013a). Alkali-activated blast furnace slag as a green construction material. IOSR–JMCE, 2(1) 24–28.
- Qureshi, M. N., & Ghosh, S. (2013b). Strength and microstructure of alkali-activated blast furnace slag paste. International Journal of Pure and Applied Research in Engineering and Technology 1, 12–22.
- Raijiwala, D. B., Patil, H. S., & Kundan, I. U. (2012). Effect of alkaline activator on the strength and durability of geopolymer concrete. Journal of Engineering Research and Studies 3, 18–21.
- Ramezanianpour, A. A., & Moeini, M. A. (2018). Mechanical and durability properties of alkali activated slag coating mortars containing nanosilica and silica fume. Construction and Building Materials, 163, 611–621. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.062
- Ramujee, K., & Potharaju, M. (2014, January 1). Abrasion resistance of geopolymer composites [Paper presentation]. 3rd International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterization (ICMPC 2014), Hyderabad, India .
- Rangan, B. V., Wallah, S., Sumajouw, D., & Hardjito, D. (2006). Heat-cured, low-calcium, fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Indian Concrete Journal 80, 47–52.
- Rashad, A. M. (2013). Properties of alkali-activated fly ash concrete blended with slag. Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 10, 57–64.
- Rashad, A. M., & Zeedan, S. R. (2011). The effect of activator concentration on the residual strength of alkali-activated fly ash pastes subjected to thermal load. Construction and Building Materials, 25(7), 3098–3107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.044
- Rashidian-Dezfouli, H., & Rangaraju, P. R. (2017). A comparative study on the durability of geopolymers produced with ground glass fiber, fly ash, and glass-powder in sodium sulfate solution. Construction and Building Materials, 153, 996–1009. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.139
- Ravikumar, D., & Neithalath, N. (2013a). An electrical impedance investigation into the chloride ion transport resistance of alkali silicate powder activated slag concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 44, 58–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.06.002
- Ravikumar, D., & Neithalath, N. (2013b). Electrically induced chloride ion transport in alkali activated slag concretes and the influence of microstructure. Cement and Concrete Research, 47, 31–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.01.007
- Reddy, D. V., Edouard, J. B., Sohban, K., Rajpathak, S. S. (2011). Durability of reinforced fly ash based geopolymer concrete in the marine environment. Proceedings of 36th Conference on Our World in Concrete and Structures, 2011, Singapore.
- Ren, D., Yan, C., Duan, P., Zhang, Z., Li, L., & Yan, Z. (2017). Durability performances of wollastonite, tremolite and basalt fiber-reinforced metakaolin geopolymer composites under sulfate and chloride attack. Construction and Building Materials, 134, 56–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.103
- Roa-Rodriguez, G., Aperador, W., & Delgado, A. (2014). Resistance to chlorides of the alkali activated slag concrete. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 9, 282–291.
- Rodríguez, E., Bernal, S., Gutiérrez, R. M., & Puertas, F. (2008). Alternative concrete based on alkali-activated slag. Materiales de Construcción, 58(291), 53–67.
- Rostami, M., & Behfarnia, K. (2017). The effect of silica fume on durability of alkali activated slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 134, 262–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.072
- Roy, D. M., Jiang, W., & Silsbee, M. R. (2000). Chloride diffusion in ordinary blended and alkali-activated cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(12), 1879–1884. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00406-3
- Russell, D., Basheer, P. A. M., Rankin, G. I. B., & Long, A. E. (2001). Effect of relative humidity and air permeability on prediction of the rate of carbonation of concrete. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, 146(3), 319–326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2001.146.3.319
- Salami, B. A., Megat Johari, M. A., Ahmad, Z. A., & Maslehuddin, M. (2017). Durability performance of palm oil fuel ash-based engineered alkaline-activated cementitious composite (POFA-EACC) mortar in sulfate environment. Construction and Building Materials, 131, 229–244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.048
- San Nicolas, R., Bernal, S. A., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., van Deventer, J. S. J., & Provis, J. L. (2014). Distinctive microstructural features of aged sodium silicate-activated slag concretes. Cement and Concrete Research, 65, 41–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.07.008
- Saraswathy, V., Muralidharan, S., Thangavel, K., & Srinivasan, S. (2003). Influence of activated fly ash on corrosion resistance and strength of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 25(7), 673–680. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00068-9
- Sata, V., Sathonsaowaphak, A., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2012). Resistance of lignite bottom ash geopolymer mortar to sulfate and sulfuric acid attack. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(5), 700–708. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.01.010
- Shahrajabian, F., & Behfarnia, K. (2018). The effects of nano particles on freeze and thaw resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 176, 172–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.033
- Shaikh, F. (2014). Effects of alkali solutions on corrosion durability of geopolymer concrete. Advances in Concrete Construction, 2(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2014.2.2.109
- Shaikh, F. U. (2016). Mechanical and durability properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete containing recycled coarse aggregates. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(2), 277–287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.05.009
- Shen, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, T., Zhou, M., Li, J., & Cui, X. (2011). Magnesia modification of alkali-activated slag fly ash cement. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater Sci. Ed., 26(1), 121–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-011-0182-8
- Shi, C., & Stegemann, J. A. (2000). Acid corrosion resistance of different cementing materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(5), 803–808. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00234-9
- Shi, Z., Shi, C., Wan, S., Li, N., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Effect of alkali dosage and silicate modulus on carbonation of alkali-activated slag mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 113, 55–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.07.005
- Singh, B., Ishwarya, G., Gupta, M., & Bhattacharyya, S. K. (2015). Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent developments. Construction and Building Materials, 85, 78–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.036
- Skvara, F., Kopecky, L., Smilauer, V., Alberovska, L., & Bittner, Z. (2008). Material and structural characterization of alkali activated low-calcium brown coal fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 711–720.
- Škvára, T. J. F., & Kopecký, L. (2005). Geopolymer materials based on fly ash. Ceramics - Silikaty, 49(3), 195–204.
- Slaty, F., Khoury, H., Rahier, H., & Wastiels, J. (2015). Durability of alkali activated cement produced from kaolinitic clay. Applied Clay Science, 104, 229–237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.11.037
- Slavik, R., Bednarik, V., Vondruska, M., & Nemec, A. (2008). Preparation of geopolymer from fluidized bed combustion bottom ash. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 200(1-3), 265–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.09.008
- Song, K. I., Song, J. K., Lee, B. Y., & Yang, K. H. (2014). Carbonation characteristics of alkaliactivated blast-furnace slag mortar. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/326458
- Song, X., Marosszeky, M., Brungs, M., & Munn, R. (2005). Durability of fly ash based geopolymer concrete against sulphuric acid attack [Paper presentation]. 10th International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components, Lyon, France.
- Stanton, T. E. (1940). Influence of cement and aggregate on concrete expansion. Engineering News Record 1, 50–61.
- Steffens, A. (2002). Modeling carbonation for corrosion risk prediction of concrete structures. Cement and Concrete Research, 32, 938–941.
- Sufian Badar, M., Kupwade-Patil, K., Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., & Allouche, E. N. (2014). Corrosion of steel bars induced by accelerated carbonation in low and high calcium fly ash geopolymer concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 61, 79–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.015
- Tanzer, R. (2010). Dependency of the physical properties of alkali-activated granulated blast furnace slag on the nature of the alkaline activator. 8th fib PhD Symposium in Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
- Temuujin, J., Van Riessen, A., & Williams, R. (2009). Influence of calcium compounds on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer pastes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1-3), 82–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.121
- Tennakoon, C., Shayan, A., Sanjayan, J. G., & Xu, A. (2017). Chloride ingress and steel corrosion in geopolymer concrete based on long term tests. Materials and Design, 116, 287–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.12.030
- Thokchom, S., Ghosh, P., & Ghosh, S. (2009). Effect of water absorption, porosity and sorptivity on durability of geopolymer mortars. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 4, 28–32.
- Thomas, M., Hooton, R. D., Rogers, C., & Fournier, B. (2012). 50 years old and still going strong. Concrete International, 34, 35–40.
- Thomas, R. J., Ariyachandra, E., Lezama, D., & Peethamparan, S. (2018). Comparison of chloride permeability methods for Alkali-Activated concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 165, 104–111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.016
- Topçu, I. B., & Canbaz, M. (2015). Microstructural analysis of alkali-activated slag mortars under acid attack.
- Topçu, İ. B., Toprak, M. U., & Uygunoğlu, T. (2014). Durability and microstructure characteristics of alkali activated coal bottom ash geopolymer cement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 81, 211–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.037
- Troconis de Rincon, O. (2000). Manual for inspecting, evaluating and diagnosing corrosion in reinforced concrete structures, DURAR Thematic Network XV.B. Durability of rebars, CYTED Iberoamerican Program Science and Technology for Development, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
- Valencia Saavedra, W. G., Angulo, D. E., & Mejía de Gutiérrez, R. (2016). Fly ash slag geopolymer concrete: Resistance to sodium and magnesium sulfate attack. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(12), 04016148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001618
- Van Deventer, J. S. J., Feng, D., & Duxson, P. (2010). Dry mix cement composition, methods and systems involving same US Patent 7691,198 B2).
- Van Deventer, J. S. J., Provis, J., & Duxson, P. Technical and commercial progress in the adoption of geopolymer cement. Minerals Engineering.
- van Deventer, J. S. J., San Nicolas, R., Ismail, I., Bernal, S. A., Brice, D. G., & Provis, J. L. (2015). Microstructure and durability of alkali-activated materials as key parameters for standardization. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 4(2), 116–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2014.979265
- Vance, K., Aguayo, M., Dakhane, A., Ravikumar, D., Jain, J., & Neithalath, N. (2014). Microstructural, mechanical, and durability related similarities in concretes based on OPC and alkali-activated slag binders. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 8(4), 289–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-014-0082-3
- Visser, J. H. M. (2014). Influence of the carbon dioxide concentration on the resistance to carbonation of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 67, 8–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.005
- Wallah, S. E., & Rangan, B. V. (2006). Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete: Long term properties (Research Report GC). Faculty of Engineering, Curtin University of Technology.
- Wang, W. C., Wang, H. Y., & Tsai, H. C. (2016a). Study on engineering properties of alkali-activated ladle furnace slag geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 123, 800–805. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.068
- Wang, W.-C., Chen, B.-T., Wang, H.-Y., & Chou, H.-C. (2016b). A study of the engineering properties of alkali-activated waste glass material AAWGM. Construction and Building Materials, 112, 962–969. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.022
- Wang, W.-C., Wang, H.-Y., & Lo, M.-H. (2015). The fresh and engineering properties of alkali activated slag as a function of fly ash replacement and alkali concentration. Construction and Building Materials, 84, 224–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.059
- Wassermann, R., Katz, A., & Bentur, A. (2009). Minimum cement content requirements: A must or a myth? Materials and Structures, 42(7), 973–982. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9436-0
- Weil, M., Dombrowski, K., & Buchawald, A. (2009). Life-cycle analysis of geopolymers. In J. Provis & J. Van Deventer (Eds.), Geopolymers, structure, processing, properties and applications (pp. 194–210). Woodhead Publishing Limited Abington Hall.
- Wiyono, D., & Hardjito, D. (2015). Improving the durability of pozzolan concrete using alkaline solution and geopolymer coating [PhD diss.]. Petra Christian University.
- Wongpa, J., Kiattikomol, K., Jaturapitakkul, C., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2010). Compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and water permeability of inorganic polymer concrete. Materials and Design, 31(10), 4748–4754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.05.012
- Yang, K., Yang, C., Magee, B., Nanukuttan, S., & Ye, J. (2016). Establishment of a preconditioning regime for air permeability and sorptivity of alkaliactivated slag concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 73, 19–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.06.019
- Yang, K. H., & Lee, K. H. (2013). Tests on alkali-activated slag foamed concrete with various water-binder ratios and substitution levels of fly ash. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 1, 8–14.
- Yip, C. K., Lukey, G. C., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2005). The coexistence of geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(9), 1688–1697. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.042
- Yunsheng, Z., & Wei, S. (2006). Fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Indian Concrete Journal 80, 20–24.
- Yusuf, M. O. (2015). Performance of slag blended alkaline activated palm oil fuel ash mortar in sulfate environments. Construction and Building Materials, 98, 417–424. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.012
- Zhang, M., Zhao, M., Zhang, G., Mann, D., Lumsden, K., & Tao, M. (2016). Durability of red mud-fly ash based geopolymer and leaching behavior of heavy metals in sulfuric acid solutions and deionized water. Construction and Building Materials, 124, 373–382. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.108
- Zhang, W., Yao, X., Yang, T., Liu, C., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Increasing mechanical strength and acid resistance of geopolymers by incorporating different siliceous materials. Construction and Building Materials, 175, 411–421. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.195
- Zhu, H., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Y., & Tian, L. (2014). Durability of alkali-activated fly ash concrete: Chloride penetration in pastes and mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 65, 51–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.110
- Zhuang, H. J., Zhang, H. Y., & Xu, H. (2017). Resistance of geopolymer mortar to acid and chloride attacks. Procedia Engineering, 210, 126–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.11.057