Aerodynamic effects of the gap spacing between adjacent vehicles on wind tunnel train models

References

• Akbarian, E., Najafi, B., Jafari, M., Faizollahzadeh Ardabili, S., Shamshirband, S., & Chau, K.-W. (2018). Experimental and computational fluid dynamics-based numerical simulation of using natural gas in a dual-fueled diesel engine. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 12(1), 517–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2018.1472670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANSYS Inc. (2017). ANSYS fluent user’s guide.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, C. J. (2014a). A review of train aerodynamics part 2 – Applications. Aeronautical Journal, 118(1202), 345–382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001924000009179 doi: 10.1017/S0001924000009179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, C. J. (2014b). A review of train aerodynamics: Part 1 – Fundamentals. Aeronautical Journal, 118(1201), 201–228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000192400000909X doi: 10.1017/S000192400000909X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, J. R., Burton, D., Thompson, M., Herbst, A., & Sheridan, J. (2014). Wind tunnel analysis of the slipstream and wake of a high-speed train. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 134, 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.09.004 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2014.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocciolone, M., Cheli, F., Corradi, R., Muggiasca, S., & Tomasini, G. (2008). Crosswind action on rail vehicles: Wind tunnel experimental analyses. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96(5), 584–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.02.030 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2008.02.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockie, N. J. W., & Baker, C. J. (1990). The aerodynamic drag of high speed trains. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 34(3), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(90)90156-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CEN European Standard 14067-4, C. E. S. (2010). Railway applications-aerodynamics. Part 4: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G., Li, X.-B., Liu, Z., Zhou, D., Wang, Z., Liang, X.-F., & Krajnovic, S. (2019). Dynamic analysis of the effect of nose length on train aerodynamic performance. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 184, 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.11.021 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2018.11.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, G., Li, F., He, K., Wang, J., Zhang, J., & Miao, X. (2019). Investigation of bogie positions on the aerodynamic drag and near wake structure of a high-speed train. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 185, 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.10.012 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2018.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghalandari, M., Bornassi, S., Shamshirband, S., Mosavi, A., & Chau, K. W. (2019). Investigation of submerged structures’ flexibility on sloshing frequency using a boundary element method and finite element analysis. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 13(1), 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2019.1619197 doi: 10.1080/19942060.2019.1619197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, X., Zhou, L., Chen, Z., Jing, H., Zou, Y., & Wu, T. (2019). Effect of wind barriers on the flow field and aerodynamic forces of a train–bridge system. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 233(3), 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409718793220 doi: 10.1177/0954409718793220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurec, K., Remer, M., Mayer, T., Tudruj, S., & Piechna, J. (2019). Flow control for a car-mounted rear wing. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 152, 384–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.12.034 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.12.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurec, K., Remer, M., & Piechna, J. (2019). The influence of different aerodynamic setups on enhancing a sports car’s braking. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 164, 105140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.105140 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.105140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, H. B., Park, Y. W., Lee, D. H., & Kim, M. S. (2001). Wind tunnel experiments on Korean high-speed trains using various ground simulation techniques. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 89(13), 1179–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00107-6 doi: 10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00107-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T., Hemida, H., Zhang, J., Rashidi, M., & Flynn, D. (2018). Comparisons of shear stress transport and detached eddy simulations of the flow around trains. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 140(11), 111108–111112. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T., Li, M., Wang, Z., & Zhang, J. (2019). Effect of the inter-car gap length on the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 233(4), 448–465. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409718799809 doi: 10.1177/0954409718799809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T.-H., Jiang, Z.-H., Li, W.-H., Guo, Z.-J., Chen, X.-D., Chen, Z.-W., & Krajnovic, S. (2019). Differences in aerodynamic effects when trains with different marshalling forms and lengths enter a tunnel. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 84, 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.10.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menter, F. R. (1994). Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA Journal, 32(8), 1598–1605. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.12149 doi: 10.2514/3.12149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menter, F. R., Kuntz, M., & Langtry, R. (2003). Ten years of industrial experience with the SST turbulence model. Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4, 625–632.
   Google Scholar
• Morden, J. A., Hemida, H., & Baker, C. J. (2015). Comparison of RANS and detached eddy simulation results to wind-tunnel data for the surface pressures upon a class 43 high-speed train. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 137(4), 512. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029261 doi: 10.1115/1.4029261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mou, B., He, B.-J., Zhao, D.-X., & Chau, K.-W. (2017). Numerical simulation of the effects of building dimensional variation on wind pressure distribution. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 11(1), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2017.1281845 doi: 10.1080/19942060.2017.1281845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz-Paniagua, J., García, J., & Lehugeur, B. (2017). Evaluation of RANS, SAS and IDDES models for the simulation of the flow around a high-speed train subjected to crosswind. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 171, 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.09.006 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., Okiishi, T. H., & Huebsch, W. W. (2009). Fundamentals of fluid mechanics (sixth ed.). Don Fowley.
   Google Scholar
• Niu, J., Liang, X., & Zhou, D. (2016). Experimental study on the effect of Reynolds number on aerodynamic performance of high-speed train with and without yaw angle. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 157, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2016.08.007 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2016.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, F., & Li, R. (2020). Numerical study on the effect of a downstream braking plate on the detailed flow field and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of an upstream braking plate with or without a crosswind. Vehicle System Dynamics, 3(11), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2019.1708959 doi: 10.1080/00423114.2019.1708959
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., & Yuan, Y. (2018). Numerical analysis of aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed train with different train nose lengths. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 127, 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.08.041 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.08.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, J., Zhou, D., & Liang, X.-F. (2018). Numerical simulation of the effects of obstacle deflectors on the aerodynamic performance of stationary high-speed trains at two yaw angles. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 232(3), 913–927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409717701786 doi: 10.1177/0954409717701786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, J., Zhou, D., & Liang, X. (2018). Numerical investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed trains of different lengths under crosswind with or without windbreaks. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 12(1), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2017.1390786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, J., Zhou, D., Liang, X.-F., Liu, S., & Liu, T.-H. (2018). Numerical simulation of the Reynolds number effect on the aerodynamic pressure in tunnels. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 173, 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.12.013 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.12.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghunathan, R. S., Kim, H. D., & Setoguchi, T. (2002). Aerodynamics of high-speed railway train. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 38(6-7), 469–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(02)00029-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. M., Vuorinen, V., Taghinia, J., & Larmi, M. (2018). Wall-distance-free formulation for SST k–ω model. European Journal of Mechanics – B/Fluids, 75, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2018.11.010 doi: 10.1016/j.euromechflu.2018.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raina, A., Harmain, G. A., & Haq, M. I. U. (2017). Numerical investigation of flow around a 3D bluff body using deflector plate. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 131-132, 701–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.08.018 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.08.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schober, M., Weise, M., Orellano, A., Deeg, P., & Wetzel, W. (2010). Wind tunnel investigation of an ICE 3 endcar on three standard ground scenarios. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 98(6-7), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.12.004 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2009.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sicot, C., Deliancourt, F., Boree, J., Aguinaga, S., & Bouchet, J. P. (2018). Representativeness of geometrical details during wind tunnel tests. Application to train aerodynamics in crosswind conditions. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 177, 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versteeg, H. K., & Malalasekera, W. (2007). An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: The finite volume method (second ed.). Pearson Education Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Weinman, K. A., Fragner, M., Deiterding, R., Heine, D., Fey, U., Braenstroem, F., & Wagner, C. (2018). Assessment of the mesh refinement influence on the computed flow-fields about a model train in comparison with wind tunnel measurements.
   Google Scholar
• Willemsen, E. (1997). High Reynolds number wind tunnel experiments on trains. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 69–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00175-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, C., Shan, X., & Yang, Z. (2016). Comparison of different ground simulation systems on the flow around a high-speed train. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 231, 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409715626191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, H., Li, Y., Chen, S., & Li, C. (2017). A wind tunnel test method on aerodynamic characteristics of moving vehicles under crosswinds. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 163, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.01.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Li, J.-J., Tian, H.-Q., Gao, G.-J., & Sheridan, J. (2016). Impact of ground and wheel boundary conditions on numerical simulation of the high-speed train aerodynamic performance. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 61, 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2015.10.006 doi: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2015.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Xiong, X., & Gao, G. (2018). A study of the influence of bogie cut outs’ angles on the aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 175, 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.041 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., Yang, M.-Z., & Liang, X.-F. (2018). Experimental study on the effect of wind angles on pressure distribution of train streamlined zone and train aerodynamic forces. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.024 doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., & Zhou, D. (2013). Wind tunnel experiment on aerodynamic characteristic of streamline head of high speed train with different head shapes. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 44(6), 2603–2608.
   Google Scholar