Profuse diversity and acidogenicity of the candida-biome of deep carious lesions of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC)

References

• Hajishengallis E, Parsaei Y, Klein MI, et al. Advances in the microbial etiology and pathogenesis of early childhood caries. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2017;32(1):24–12. Epub 2015/ 12/31. PubMed PMID: 26714612; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4929038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falsetta ML, Klein MI, Colonne PM, et al. Symbiotic relationship between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans synergizes virulence of plaque biofilms in vivo. Infect Immun. 2014;82(5):1968–1981. PubMed PMID: 24566629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casamassimo PS, Thikkurissy S, Edelstein BL, et al. Beyond the dmft: the human and economic cost of early childhood caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140(6):650–657. Epub 2009/ 06/06. PubMed PMID: 19491160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain H, Ansari F, Schulz-Weidner N, et al. Clonal identity of Candida albicans in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract of pre-school children. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2003;18(5):302–308.
   Google Scholar
• Baker JL, Bor B, Agnello M, et al. Ecology of the Oral Microbiome: beyond Bacteria. Trends Microbiol. 2017;25(5):362–374. Epub 2017/ 01/17. PubMed PMID: 28089325; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5687246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez A, Nelson KE. The Oral Microbiome of Children: development, Disease, and Implications Beyond Oral Health. Microb Ecol. 2017;73(2):492–503. Epub 2016/ 09/14. PubMed PMID: 27628595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkinson HF, Lamont RJ. Oral microbial communities in sickness and in health. Trends Microbiol. 2005;13(12):589–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen WH. Dental caries – not just holes in teeth! A perspective. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2016;31(3):228–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen WH, Burne RA, Wu H, et al. Oral Biofilms: pathogens, Matrix, and Polymicrobial Interactions in Microenvironments. Trends Microbiol. 2018;26(3):229–242. Epub 2017/ 11/04. PubMed PMID: 29097091; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5834367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont RJ, Koo H, Hajishengallis G. The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions. Nature Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(12):745–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderas AP, Gizani S, Papagiannoulis L. Progression of proximal caries in children with different caries indices: a 4-year radiographic study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2006;7(3):148–152. Epub 2006/ 12/05. PubMed PMID: 17140544.
   Google Scholar
• Allison PJ, Schwartz S. Interproximal contact points and proximal caries in posterior primary teeth. Pediatr Dent. 2003;25(4):334–340. Epub 2003/ 09/19. PubMed PMID: 13678098.
   Google Scholar
• Dirksen TR, Little MF, Bibby BG. The pH of carious cavities-II. The pH at different depths in isolated cavities. Arch Oral Biol. 1963 PubMed PMID: 14028031;8:91–97. Epub 1963/ 03/01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand KR, Bruun G, Bruun M. Plaque and gingival status as indicators for caries progression on approximal surfaces. PubMed PMID: 9438570. 1998. 32(1):41–45. Caries Res. Epub 1998/ 01/23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novaes TF, Matos R, Braga MM, et al. Performance of a pen-type laser fluorescence device and conventional methods in detecting approximal caries lesions in primary teeth–in vivo study. Caries Res. 2009;43(1):36–42. Epub 2009/ 01/13. PubMed PMID: 19136830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh PD, Martin MV. Oral Microbiology Textbook ed Lewis MA. Edinburgh, London, NewYork, Oxford: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier;2009 8–23. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Mattos-Graner RO, Klein MI, Smith DJ. Lessons Learned from Clinical Studies: roles of Mutans Streptococci in the Pathogenesis of Dental Caries. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2014;1(1):70–78.
   Google Scholar
• Caufield PW, Schön CN, Saraithong P, et al. Oral Lactobacilli and Dental Caries: a Model for Niche Adaptation in Humans. J Dent Res. 2015;94(9Suppl):110S–8S. PubMed PMID: 25758458
   Google Scholar
• de Carvalho FG, Silva DS, Hebling J, et al. Presence of mutans streptococci and Candida spp. in dental plaque/dentine of carious teeth and early childhood caries. Arch Oral Biol. 2006;51(11):1024–1028. Epub 2006/ 08/08. PubMed PMID: 16890907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu R, Li W, Lin Y, et al. Genotypic diversity and cariogenicity of Candida albicans from children with early childhood caries and caries-free children. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(1):144.
   Google Scholar
• Yang XQ, Zhang Q, Lu LY, et al. Genotypic distribution of Candida albicans in dental biofilm of Chinese children associated with severe early childhood caries. Arch Oral Biol. 2012;57(8):1048–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja M, Hannan A, Ali K. Association of oral candidal carriage with dental caries in children. Caries Res. 2010;44(3):272–276. Epub 2010/ 06/03. PubMed PMID: 20516688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DdSAV B, Vicente VA, Fraiz FC, et al. Analysis of the in vitro adherence of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Braz J Microbiol. 2007;38:624–631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ene IV, Heilmann CJ, Sorgo AG, et al. Carbon source-induced reprogramming of the cell wall proteome and secretome modulates the adherence and drug resistance of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Proteomics. 2012;12(21):3164–3179. PubMed PMID: 22997008; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3569869. Epub 2012/ 09/22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinke T, Guggenheim B, Klimm W, et al. Dental caries in rats associated with Candida albicans. Caries Res. 2011;45(2):100–106. Epub 2011/ 03/18. PubMed PMID: 21412001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaranayake LP, Geddes DA, Weetman DA, et al. Growth and acid production of Candida albicans in carbohydrate supplemented media. Microbios. 1983;37(148):105–115. Epub 1983/ 01/01. PubMed PMID: 6353167.
   Google Scholar
• Samaranayake LP, Hughes A, Weetman DA, et al. Growth and acid production of Candida species in human saliva supplemented with glucose. J Oral Pathol. 1986;15(5):251–254. Epub 1986/ 05/01. PubMed PMID: 3091791.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fakhruddin KS, Perera Samaranayake L, Egusa H, et al. Candida biome of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and its cariogenic virulence traits. J Oral Microbiol. 2020;12(1):1724484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand KR, Martignon S, Ricketts DJ, et al. Detection and activity assessment of primary coronal caries lesions: a methodologic study. Oper Dent. 2007;32(3):225–235. Epub 2007/ 06/09. PubMed PMID: 17555173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlén A, Hassan H, The LP. ‘Strip Method’: a Simple Method for Plaque pH Assessment. Caries Res. 2010;44(4):341–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost A, Graf B, Eucker J, et al. Identification of clinically relevant yeasts by PCR/RFLP. J Microbiol Methods. 2004;56(2):201–211. Epub 2004/ 01/28 PubMed PMID: 14744449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho A, Costa-De-Oliveira S, Martins ML, et al. Multiplex PCR identification of eight clinically relevant Candida species. Med Mycol. 2007;45(7):619–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiong Yang X, Zhang Q, Ying LL, et al. Genotypic distribution of Candida albicans in dental biofilm of Chinese children associated with severe early childhood caries 2012. 1048–1053 p.
   Google Scholar
• Essential SL. Microbiology for Dentistry. Vol. 2018. Lakshman Samaranayake. Essential Microbiology for Dentistry. 5th Edition ed. Elsevier; 2018. p. 1–400.
   Google Scholar
• Pereira D, Seneviratne CJ, Koga-Ito CY, et al. Is the oral fungal pathogen Candida albicans a carcinogen? Oral Dis. 2018;24(4):518–526. Epub 2017/ 05/18. PubMed PMID: 28513096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaranayake LP. Nutritional factors and oral candidosis. J Oral Pathol Med. 1986;15(2):61–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgley CM, Samaranayake LP, Chan JC, et al. A 4-year longitudinal study of the oral prevalence of enteric gram-negative rods and yeasts in Chinese children. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1997;12(3):183–188. Epub 1997/ 06/01. PubMed PMID: 9467406.
   Google Scholar
• SAMARANAYAKE YH, SAMARANAYAKE LP. Candida krusei: biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and clinical manifestations of an emerging pathogen. J Med Microbiol. 1994;41(5):295–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichart PA, Samaranayake LP, Samaranayake YH, et al. High oral prevalence of Candida krusei in leprosy patients in northern Thailand. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(12):4479–4485. Epub 2002/ 11/28. PubMed PMID: 12454139; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC154582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeasts D-SL. Distribution of yeasts in nature. In: AH R, JS H editor. The yeasts, biology of yeasts, Vol. 1st edn.:1. Academic Press, London. 1969;1(1, :79–105.
   Google Scholar
• Butler G, Rasmussen MD, Lin MF, et al. Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes. Nature. 2009;459(7247):657–662. PubMed PMID: 19465905; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2834264. Epub 2009/ 05/26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrington SL, Sorsby E, Mahtey N, et al. Adaptation of Candida albicans to environmental pH induces cell wall remodelling and enhances innate immune recognition. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(5):e1006403. PubMed PMID: 28542528; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5456412. Epub 2017/ 05/26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Costa KR, Ferreira JC, Lavrador MA, et al. Virulence attributes and genetic variability of oral Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis isolates. Mycoses. 2012;55(3):e97–e105. Epub 2011/ 11/01. PubMed PMID: 22035510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaves GM, Diniz MG, da Silva-Rocha WP, et al. Species distribution and virulence factors of Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of kidney transplant recipients in Brazil. Mycopathologia. 2013;175(3–4):255–263. PubMed PMID: 23539354. Epub 2013/ 03/30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuza-Alves DL, Silva-Rocha WP, Chaves GM. An Update on Candida tropicalis Based on Basic and Clinical Approaches. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1927. PubMed PMID: 29081766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcos-Zambrano LJ, Escribano P, Bouza E, et al. Production of biofilm by Candida and non-Candida spp. isolates causing fungemia: comparison of biomass production and metabolic activity and development of cut-off points. Int J Med Microbiol. 2014;304(8):1192–1198. Epub 2014/ 09/17. PubMed PMID: 25224357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannanusorn S, Fernandez V, Romling U. Prevalence of biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Candida species causing bloodstream infection. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):264–272. Epub 2012/ 11/02. PubMed PMID: 23113805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, Williamson MI. Comparison of Sabouraud dextrose and Pagano-Levin agar media for detection and isolation of yeasts from oral samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1987;25(1):162–164. Epub 1987/ 01/01. PubMed PMID: 3539988; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC265849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaranayake L. Commensal oral Candida in Asian cohorts. Int J Oral Sci. 2009;1(1):2–5. Epub 2009/ 03/01. PubMed PMID: 20690497; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3470111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keten HS, Keten D, Ucer H, et al. Prevalence of oral Candida carriage and Candida species among cigarette and maras powder users. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(6):9847–9854. PubMed PMID: 26309667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois D, David A, Inquimbert C, et al. Quantification of carious pathogens in the interdental microbiota of young caries-free adults. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(10):e0185804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Freire F, et al. Candida tropicalis affects the virulence profile of Candida albicans: an in vitro and in vivo study. Pathog Dis. 2018;76(2). Epub 2018/ 04/05. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/femspd/fty014. PubMed PMID: 29617858.
   Google Scholar
• Pathirana RU, McCall AD, Norris HL, et al. Candida Species Adhere to Candida albicans and Benefit From Dual Biofilm Growth. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1188.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Li Y, Lin J, et al. Cariogenicity of Candida albicans of distinct genotypes among 3-5-year-old Uygur children in Kashgar, China- a case-control study. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):203.
   Google Scholar
• Klinke T, Kneist S, de Soet JJ, et al. Acid Production by Oral Strains of Candida albicans and Lactobacilli. Caries Res. 2009;43(2):83–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman BJ, Bowman EJ H+-ATPases from mitochondria, plasma membranes, and vacuoles of fungal cells. J Membr Bio l. 1986;94(2):83–97. Epub 1986/ 01/01. PubMed PMID: 2882028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vylkova S, Carman AJ, Danhof HA, et al. The Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans Autoinduces Hyphal Morphogenesis by Raising Extracellular pH. mBio. 2011;2(3):e00055–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Liu L, Improved CJ. ATP supply enhances acid tolerance of Candida glabrata during pyruvic acid production. J Appl Microbiol. 2011;110(1):44–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt P, Walker J, Selway L, et al. Proteomic analysis of the pH response in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Proteomics. 2008;8(3):534–544. PubMed PMID: 18186024. Epub 2008/ 01/11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei P, Li Z, He P, et al. Genome shuffling in the ethanologenic yeast Candida krusei to improve acetic acid tolerance. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2008;49(Pt2):113–120. Epub 2007/ 07/17. PubMed PMID: 17630953.
   Google Scholar
• Van Ende M, Wijnants S, Van Dijck P, et al. Signaling in Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi N, Nyvad B. Ecological Hypothesis of Dentin and Root Caries. Caries Res. 2016;50(4):422–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou Neel EA, Aljabo A, Strange A, et al. Demineralization-remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone. Int J Nanomedicine. 2016;11:4743–4763. PubMed PMID: 27695330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZC K, Güriz H, Ağırbaşlı H, et al. Genotype distribution of Candida albicans isolates by 25S intron analysis with regard to invasiveness. Mycoses. 2004;47(11‐12):465–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbuz M, Kaleli I. Molecular analysis of Candida albicans isolates from clinical specimens. Mycopathologia. 2010;169(4):261–267. Epub 2009/ 12/17. PubMed PMID: 20012366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar BC, Moore JE, Xu J, et al. Genotypic subgrouping of clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis by 25S intron analysis. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2002;35(2):102–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loesche WJ Association of the oral flora with important medical diseases. Curr Opin Periodontol. 1997;4:21–28. Epub 1997/ 01/01. PubMed PMID: 9655017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrutis KA, Riggle PJ, Kumamoto CA, et al. Intestinal lesions associated with disseminated candidiasis in an experimental animal model. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(6):2317–2323. Epub 2000/ 06/02. PubMed PMID: 10834995; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC86791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuboniwa M, Tribble GD, Hendrickson EL, et al. Insights into the virulence of oral biofilms: discoveries from proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2012;9(3):311–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parahitiyawa NB, Jin LJ, Leung WK, et al. Microbiology of odontogenic bacteremia: beyond endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(1):46–64. PubMed PMID: 19136433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar