1,770
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Research Article

Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress – a network analysis among Syrian and Iraqi refugees

Crecimiento postraumático y estrés postraumático: un análisis de redes entre refugiados sirios e iraquíes

创伤后成长和创伤后应激——一项叙利亚和伊拉克难民中的网络分析

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2117902 | Received 28 Apr 2022, Accepted 04 Aug 2022, Published online: 21 Sep 2022

References

  • Acar, B., Acar, İH, Alhiraki, O. A., Fahham, O., Erim, Y., & Acarturk, C. (2021). The role of coping strategies in post-traumatic growth among Syrian refugees: A structural equation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168829
  • Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049
  • Bellet, B. W., Jones, P. J., Neimeyer, R. A., & McNally, R. J. (2018). Bereavement outcomes as causal systems: A network analysis of the co-occurrence of complicated grief and posttraumatic growth. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(6), 797–809. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618777454
  • Birkeland, M. S., Greene, T., & Spiller, T. R. (2020). The network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1700614. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1700614
  • Blackmore, R., Boyle, J. A., Fazel, M., Ranasinha, S., Gray, K. M., Fitzgerald, G., Misso, M., & Gibson-Helm, M. (2020). The prevalence of mental illness in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 17(9), e1003337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003337
  • Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608
  • Burger, J., Isvoranu, A.-M., Lunansky, G., Haslbeck, J. M. B., Epskamp, S., Hoekstra, R. H. A., Fried, E. I., Borsboom, D., & Blanken, T. (2020). Reporting standards for psychological network analyses in cross-sectional data [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4y9nz
  • Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Taku, K., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K. N., & Danhauer, S. C. (2010). A short form of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 23(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800903094273
  • Cengiz, İ, Ergun, D., & Çakıcı, E. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth and psychological resilience in Syrian refugees: Hatay, Turkey. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 0, 1. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.4862
  • Chan, K. J., Young, M. Y., & Sharif, N. (2016). Well-being after trauma: A review of posttraumatic growth among refugees. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 57(4), 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000065
  • Charlson, F., van Ommeren, M., Flaxman, A., Cornett, J., Whiteford, H., & Saxena, S. (2019). New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 394(10194), 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30934-1
  • Epskamp, S. (2018). New features in qgraph 1.5 [Blog post]. http://psychosystems.org/qgraph_1.5
  • Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1
  • Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmitmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). Qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i04
  • Ersahin, Z. (2020). Post-traumatic growth among Syrian refugees in Turkey: The role of coping strategies and religiosity. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00763-8
  • Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., Rodríguez-Rey, R., Collazo-Castiñeira, P., & Collado, S. (2022). The posttraumatic growth inventory-short form (PTGI-SF): A psychometric study of the Spanish population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02645-z
  • Greenberg, J., Tsai, J., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021). Can military trauma promote psychological growth in combat veterans? Results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 732–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.077
  • Greenblatt Kimron, L., Marai, I., Lorber, A., & Cohen, M. (2019). The long-term effects of early-life trauma on psychological, physical and physiological health among the elderly: The study of holocaust survivors. Aging & Mental Health, 23(10), 1340–1349. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1523880
  • Henson, C., Truchot, D., & Canevello, A. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(4), 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100195
  • Jones, P. J., Ma, R., & McNally, R. J. (2019). Bridge centrality: A network approach to understanding comorbidity. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2019.1614898
  • Kılıç, C., Magruder, K. M., & Koryürek, M. M. (2016). Does trauma type relate to posttraumatic growth after war? A pilot study of young Iraqi war survivors living in Turkey. Transcultural Psychiatry, 53(1), 110–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461515612963
  • Lang, A. J., & Stein, M. B. (2005). An abbreviated PTSD checklist for use as a screening instrument in primary care. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(5), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.04.005
  • Lang, A. J., Wilkins, K., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Golinelli, D., Chavira, D., Sherbourne, C., Rose, R. D., Bystritsky, A., Sullivan, G., Craske, M. G., & Stein, M. B. (2012). Abbreviated PTSD checklist (PCL) as a guide to clinical response. General Hospital Psychiatry, 34(4), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.02.003
  • Liu, A.-N., Wang, L.-L., Li, H.-P., Gong, J., & Liu, X.-H. (2017). Correlation between posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms based on Pearson correlation coefficient: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 205(5), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000605
  • Marziliano, A., Tuman, M., & Moyer, A. (2020). The relationship between post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth in cancer patients and survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psycho-Oncology, 29(4), 604–616. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5314
  • Morina, N., Stam, K., Pollet, T. V., & Priebe, S. (2018). Prevalence of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in adult civilian survivors of war who stay in war-afflicted regions. A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 239, 328–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.027
  • Na, P. J., Tsai, J., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021). Factors associated with post-traumatic growth in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a national sample of U.S. military veterans. Social Science & Medicine, 289, 114409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114409
  • Peters, J., Bellet, B. W., Jones, P. J., Wu, G. W. Y., Wang, L., & McNally, R. J. (2021). Posttraumatic stress or posttraumatic growth? Using network analysis to explore the relationships between coping styles and trauma outcomes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 78, 102359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102359
  • Powell, S., Rosner, R., Butollo, W., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2003). Posttraumatic growth after war: A study with former refugees and displaced people in Sarajevo. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10117
  • R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Salo, J. A., Qouta, S., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2005). Adult attachment, posttraumatic growth and negative emotions among former political prisoners. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 18(4), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800500289524
  • Schmittmann, V. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Deconstructing the construct: A network perspective on psychological phenomena. New Ideas in Psychology, 31(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.02.007
  • Schubert, C. F., Schmidt, U., & Rosner, R. (2016). Posttraumatic growth in populations with posttraumatic stress disorder-A systematic review on growth-related psychological constructs and biological variables. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(6), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1985
  • Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A meta-analytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic distress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.10.005
  • Silverstein, M. W., Witte, T. K., Lee, D. J., Kramer, L. B., & Weathers, F. W. (2018). Dimensions of growth? Examining the distinctiveness of the five factors of the posttraumatic growth inventory: Factors of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(3), 448–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22298
  • Şimşir Gökalp, Z., & Haktanir, A. (2021). Posttraumatic growth experiences of refugees: A metasynthesis of qualitative studies. Journal of Community Psychology. Article jcop.22723. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22723
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Target article: “posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence”. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
  • Thomas, E. A., Owens, G. P., & Keller, E. M. (2021). Relationships among non-interpersonal and interpersonal trauma types, posttraumatic stress, and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Clinical Psychology. Article jclp.23190. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23190
  • Trachik, B., Elliman, T. D., Ganulin, M. L., Dretsch, M. N., Riviere, L. A., Cabrera, O. A., Thomas, J. L., & Hoge, C. W. (2020). Order effects in PTSD network analysis: Important implications for diagnostic conceptualization, treatment refinement, and research. Psychological Medicine, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720004377
  • Whealin, J. M., Pitts, B., Tsai, J., Rivera, C., Fogle, B. M., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2020). Dynamic interplay between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth in older military veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders, 269, 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.020
  • Williams, D. R., & Rast, P. (2020). Back to the basics: Rethinking partial correlation network methodology. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 73(2), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12173
  • Wu, X., Kaminga, A. C., Dai, W., Deng, J., Wang, Z., Pan, X., & Liu, A. (2019). The prevalence of moderate-to-high posttraumatic growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 243, 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.023
  • Yuan, G., Park, C. L., Birkeland, S. R., Yip, P. S. Y., & Hall, B. J. (2021). A network analysis of the associations between posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth Among disaster-exposed Chinese young adults. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(4), 786–798. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22673
  • Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology—A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 626–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.008