References

• Abdulkader, H. M., Freer, Y., Garry, E. M., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., & McIntosh, N. (2008). Prematurity and neonatal noxious events exert lasting effects on infant pain behaviour. Early Human Development, 84(6), 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.09.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Hayyeh, R., & Singh, G. (2019). Adverse health effects of recruiting child soldiers. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 3(1), e000325. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000325
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, S. L., Tomada, A., Vincow, E. S., Valente, E., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2008). Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 20(3), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.3.292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. M., Teicher, M. H., Polcari, A., & Renshaw, P. F. (2002). Abnormal T2 relaxation time in the cerebellar vermis of adults sexually abused in childhood: Potential role of the vermis in stress-enhanced risk for drug abuse. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27(1-2), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00047-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, K. A., Desai, D., Dhillon, H. K., Wilcox, D. T., & Fitzgerald, M. (2002). Abdominal sensitivity in the first year of life: Comparison of infants with and without unilateral hydronephrosis. Pain, 100(1-2), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00288-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, K. A., & Fitzgerald, M. (1999). The cutaneous flexion reflex in human neonates: A quantitative study of threshold and stimulus/response characteristics, following single and repeated stimuli. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 41(10), 696–703. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162299001425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baccei, M., & Fitzgerald, M. (2006). Development of pain pathways and mechanisms. In S. B. McMahon, & M. Koltzenburg (Eds.), The Textbook of Pain (pp. 143–148). Churchill Livingstone.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, L. M., Williams, L. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Cohen, R. A., Heaps, J. M., & Paul, R. H. (2013). Impact of early vs. late childhood early life stress on brain morphometrics. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 7(2), 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-012-9215-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, P. M., Hanson, J. L., Pierson, R. K., Davidson, R. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2009). Cerebellar volume and cognitive functioning in children who experienced early deprivation. Biological Psychiatry, 66(12), 1100–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besedovsky, H., del Rey, A., Sorkin, E., & Dinarello, C. A. (1986). Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones. Science, 233(4764), 652–654. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3014662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bick, J., & Nelson, C. J. (2016). Early adverse experiences and the developing brain. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boecker, R., Holz, N. E., Buchmann, A. F., Blomeyer, D., Plichta, M. M., Wolf, I., Baumeister, S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Banaschewski, T., Brandeis, D., & Laucht, M. (2014). Impact of early life adversity on reward processing in young adults: EEG-fMRI results from a prospective study over 25 years. PLoS One, 9(8), e104185. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsini, A., Wallis, A. S. J., Zunszain, P., Pariante, C. M., & Kempton, M. J. (2020). Characterising anhedonia: A systematic review of neuroimaging across the subtypes of reward processing deficits in depression. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 20(4), 816–841. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00804-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner, J. D., Licinio, J., Darnell, A., Krystal, J. H., Owens, M. J., Southwick, S. M., Nemeroff, C. B. & Charney, D. S. (1997). Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(5), 624–629. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.5.624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunson, K. L., Eghbal-Ahmadi, M., Bender, R., Chen, Y., & Baram, T. Z. (2001). Long-term, progressive hippocampal cell loss and dysfunction induced by early-life administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone reproduce the effects of early-life stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(15), 8856–8861. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.151224898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, L. L., Tyrka, A. R., McDougle, C. J., Malison, R. T., Owens, M. J., Nemeroff, C. B., & Price, L. H. (2004). Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor and perceived early-life stress in depressed patients and healthy control subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(4), 777–784. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cay, M., Gonzalez-Heydrich, J., Teicher, M. H., van der Heijden, H., Ongur, D., Shinn, A. K., & Upadhyay, J. (2022). Childhood maltreatment and its role in the development of pain and psychopathology. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 6(3), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00339-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Champoux, M., Bennett, A., Shannon, C., Higley, J. D., Lesch, K. P., & Suomi, S. J. (2002). Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, differential early rearing, and behavior in rhesus monkey neonates. Molecular Psychiatry, 7(10), 1058–1063. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., & Baram, T. Z. (2016). Toward understanding how early-life stress reprograms cognitive and emotional brain networks. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 41(1), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J., Jeong, B., Rohan, M. L., Polcari, A. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2008). Preliminary evidence for white matter tract abnormalities in young adults exposed to parental verbal abuse. Biological Psychiatry, 65(3), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy, E., Degenhardt, L., Mattick, R. P., & Nelson, E. C. (2009). Child maltreatment as a risk factor for opioid dependence: Comparison of family characteristics and type and severity of child maltreatment with a matched control group. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(6), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craighead, W. E., & Craighead, LW (2003): Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. In: I. B. Weiner (series Ed.); Stricker G & Widiger TA (vol. Eds.), Handbook of Psychology: vol. 8. Clinical Psychology, New York, Wiley, pp. 279-299.
   Google Scholar
• Craighead, W. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2005). The impact of early trauma on response to psychotherapy. Clinical Neuroscience Research, 4(5-6), 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnr.2005.03.004
   Google Scholar
• Danese, A., Caspi, A., Williams, B., Ambler, A., Sugden, K., Milka, J., Mika, J., Werts, H., Freeman, J., Pariante, C. M., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2011). Biological embedding of stress through inflammation processes in childhood. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(3), 244–246. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese, A., & Lewis, S. J. (2017). Psychoneuroimmunology of early-life stress: The hidden wounds of childhood trauma? Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, J. K., Lamke, J.-P., Gaebler, M., Walter, H., & Scheel, M. (2013). White matter integrity and its relationship to PTSD and childhood trauma – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 30(3), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bellis, M. D. (2010). The neurobiology of child neglect. In R. A. Lanius, E. Vermetten, & C. Pain (Eds.), The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic (pp. 123–132). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., Frustaci, K., & Ryan, N. D. (1999). Developmental traumatology part II: Brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45(10), 1271–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00045-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defrin, R., Cohen Sagy, N., Biran, I., Goor-Aryeh, I., Shai, R., & Ginzburg, K. (2020). Enhanced pain modulation capacity among individuals with borderline personality disorder: A possible mechanism underlying their hypoalgesia. European Journal of Pain, 24(3), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defrin, R., Schreiber, S., & Ginzburg, K. (2015). Paradoxical pain perception in posttraumatic stress disorder: The unique role of anxiety and dissociation. The Journal of Pain, 16(10), 961–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. JAMA, 286(24), 3089–3096. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.24.3089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubé, C. M., Molet, J., Singh-Taylor, A., Ivy, A., Maras, P. M., & Baram, T. Z. (2015). Hyperexcitability and epilepsy generated by chronic early-life stress. Neurobiology of Stress, 2, 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, A. J. (2000). Cytokine activation of the HPA axis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 917(1), 608–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05426.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Egerton, A., Valmaggia, L. R., Howes, O. D., Day, F., Chaddock, C. A., Allen, P., Winton-Brown, T. T., Bloomfield, M. A. P., Bhattacharyya, S., Chilcott, J., Lappin, J. M., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. (2016). Adversity in childhood linked to elevated striatal dopamine function in adulthood. Schizophrenia Research, 176(2-3), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eluvathingal, T. J., Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Juhász, C., Muzik, O., Maqbool, M., Chugani, D. C., & Makki, M. (2006). Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Pediatrics, 117(6), 2093–2100. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W., & Schamberg, M. A. (2009). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(16), 6545–6549. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811910106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrizi, L., Slater, R., Worley, A., Meek, J., Boyd, S., Olhede, S., & Fitzgerald, M. (2011). A shift in sensory processing that enables the developing human brain to discriminate touch from pain. Current Biology, 21(18), 1552–1558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, J., Liu, W., Xia, J., Li, S., Gao, F., Zhu, J., Han, Y., Zhou, H., Liao, H., Yi, J., Tan, C., & Zhu, X. (2021). Childhood trauma is associated with elevated anhedonia and altered core reward circuitry in major depression patients and controls. Human Brain Mapping, 42(2), 286–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, M. (2005). The development of nociceptive circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(7), 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, M., & Koltzenburg, M. (1986). The functional development of descending inhibitory pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the newborn rat spinal cord. Developmental Brain Research, 24(1-2), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(86)90194-x
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, M., Millard, C., & McIntosh, N. (1989). Cutaneous hypersensitivity following peripheral tissue damage in newborn infants and its reversal with topical anaesthesia. Pain, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(89)90172-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, M., & Walker, S. (2009). Infant pain management: A developmental neurobiological approach. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology, 5(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpneuro0984
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., Rapoport, J. L., & Thompson, P. M. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(21), 8174–8179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402680101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogtay, N., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Ordonez, A., Greenstein, D., Hayashi, K. M., Clasen, L., Toga, A. W., Giedd, J. N., Rapoport, J. L., & Thompson, P. M. (2006). Dynamic mapping of Normal human hippocampal development. Hippocampus, 16(8), 664–672. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogtay, N., & Thompson, P. M. (2010). Mapping gray matter development: Implications for typical development and vulnerability to psychopathology. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindan, R. M., Behen, M. E., Helder, E., Makki, M. I., & Chugani, H. T. (2010). Altered water diffusivity in cortical association tracts in children with early deprivation identified with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Cerebral Cortex, 20(3), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, Y. P., Heim, C., Goodman, S. H., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1999). The effects of neonatal stress on brain development: Implications for psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11(3), 545–565. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499002205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication 1: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. C. (1997). Working with the Emotions in Psychotherapy. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E., & Wallace, C. S. (1987). Experience and brain development. Child Development, 58(3), 539–559. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, B. G., Cunningham, L., Cooper, M. A., Corteen, N. L., Seifi, M., Swinny, J. D., Lambert, J. J., & Belelli, D. (2013). Dysfunctional astrocytic and synaptic regulation of hypothalamic glutamatergic transmission in a mouse model of early-life adversity: Relevance to neurosteroids and programming of the stress response. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(50), 19534–19554. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1337-13.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 145–173. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, J. L., Hariri, A. R., & Williamson, D. E. (2015). Blunted ventral striatum development in adolescence reflects emotional neglect and predicts depressive symptoms. Biological Psychiatry, 78(9), 598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim, C., Shugart, M., Craighead, W. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2010). Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(7), 671–690. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann, C., Hohmeister, J., Demirakça, S., Zohsel, K., & Flor, H. (2006). Long-term alteration of pain sensitivity in school-aged children with early pain experiences. Pain, 125(3), 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hucho, T., & Levine, J. D. (2007). Signalling pathways in sensitisation: Towards a nociceptor cell biology. Neuron, 55(3), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttenlocher, P. R., de Courten, C., Garey, L. J., & Van der Loos, H. (1982). Synaptogenesis in human visual cortex–evidence for synapse elimination during Normal development. Neuroscience Letters, 33(3), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(82)90379-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivy, A. S., Rex, C. S., Chen, Y., Dubé, C., Maras, P. M., Grigoriadis, D. E., Dube, C., Gall, C. M., Lynch, G., & Baram, T. Z. (2010). Hippocampal dysfunction and cognitive impairments provoked by chronic early-life stress involve excessive activation of CRH receptors. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(39), 13005–13015. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1784-10.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, L., Verriotis, M., Cooper, R. J., Laudiano-Dray, M. P., Rupawala, M., Meek, J., Fabrizi, L., & Fitzgerald, M. (2022). Widespread nociceptive maps in the human neonatal somatosensory cortex. Elife, 11, e71655. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.71655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurado, M., & Rosselli, M. (2007). The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology Review, 17(3), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-007-9040-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juranek, J., Filipek, P. A., Berenji, G. R., Modahl, C., Osann, K., & Spence, M. A. (2006). Association between amygdala volume and anxiety level: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in autistic children. Journal of Child Neurology, 21(12), 1051–1058. https://doi.org/10.1177/7010.2006.00237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, A., McCormack, H. C., Bolger, E. A., McGreenery, C. E., Vitaliano, G., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2015). Childhood maltreatment, depression, and suicidal ideation: Critical importance of parental and peer emotional abuse during developmental sensitive periods in males and females. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 42. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khandaker, G. M., Pearson, R. M., Zammit, S., Lewis, G., & Jones, P. B. (2014). Association of serum interleukin 6 and C-Reactive protein in childhood with depression and psychosis in young adult life. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(10), 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, P., Evans, G. W., Angstadt, M., Ho, S. S., Sripada, C. S., Swain, J. E., Liberzon, I., & Phan, K. L. (2013). Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(46), 18442–18447. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308240110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klengel, T., Mehta, D., Anacker, C., Rex-Haffner, M., Pruessner, J. C., Pariante, C. M., Pace, T. W. W., Mercer, K. B., Mayberg, H. S., Bradley, B., Nemeroff, C. B., Holsboer, F., Heim, C. M., Ressler, K. J., Rein, T., & Binder, E. B. (2013). Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions. Nature Neuroscience, 16(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMantia, A. S., & Rakic, P. (1994). Axon overproduction and elimination in the anterior commissure of the developing rhesus monkey. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 340(3), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903400304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, R. D., Anderson, F. S., & Smith, R. (2018). Biased competition favoring physical over emotional pain: A possible explanation for the link between early adversity and chronic pain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(9), 880–890. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Merrer, J., Becker, J. A., Befort, K., & Kieffer, B. L. (2009). Reward processing by the opioid system in the brain. Physiological Reviews, 89(4), 1379–1412. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00005.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. J., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Matthews, T., Moffitt, T. E., Quinlan, E. B., Barker, E. D., Luo, Q., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Frouin, V., Garavan, H., Chaarani, B., Gowland, P., … Schumann, G. (2019). The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales. Molecular Psychiatry, 6(3), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0297-9
   Google Scholar
• Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, S., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1997). Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277(5332), 1659–1662. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5332.1659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logue, M. W., van Rooij, S. J. H., Dennis, E. L., Davis, S. L., Hayes, J. P., Stevens, J. S., Densmore, M., Haswell, C. C., Ipser, J., Koch, S. B. J., Korgaonkar, M., Lebois, L. A. M., Peverill, M., Baker, J. T., Boedhoe, P. S. W., Frijling, J. L., Gruber, S. A., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Jahanshad, N., … Morey, R. A. (2018). Smaller hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: A multisite ENIGMA-PGC study: Subcortical volumetry results from posttraumatic stress disorder consortia. Biological Psychiatry, 83(3), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestripieri, D., Higley, J. D., Lindell, S. G., Newman, T. K., McCormack, K. M., & Sanchez, M. M. (2006). Early maternal rejection affects the development of monoaminergic systems and adult abusive parenting in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Behavioral Neuroscience, 120(5), 1017–1024. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.120.5.1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marek, R., Strobel, C., Bredy, T. W., & Sah, P. (2013). The amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex: Partners in the fear circuit. The Journal of Physiology, 591(10), 2381–2391. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.248575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, R., Gerber, A. J., & Peterson, B. S. (2008). Neuroimaging studies of Normal brain development and their relevance for understanding childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(11), 1233–1251. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318185e703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, J. W., Giller, E. L., Kosten, T. R., Ostroff, R. B., & Podd, L. (1986). Urinary free-cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(3), 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198603000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2011). The impact of childhood maltreatment: A review of neurobiological and genetic factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 48. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00048
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFarlane, A. C. (2010). The long-term costs of traumatic stress: Intertwined physical and psychological consequences. World Psychiatry, 9(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00254.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D’Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 12(3), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, M. A., Golembo, N. I., Nosarti, C., Colvert, E., Mota, A., Williams, S. C. R., Rutter, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2009). Amygdala, hippocampal and corpus callosum size following severe early institutional deprivation: The English and Romanian Adoptees Study Pilot. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(8), 943–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02084.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar, Z., Clowry, G. J., Sestan, N., Alzu’bi, A., Bakken, T., Hevner, R. F., Molnár, Z., Šestan, N., Alzu'bi, A., Hüppi, P. S., Kostović, I., Rakic, P., Anton, E. S., Edwards, D., Garcez, P., Hoerder-Suabedissen, A., & Kriegstein, A. (2019). New insights into the development of the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Anatomy, 235(3), 432–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navratilova, E., & Porreca, F. (2014). Reward and motivation in pain and pain relief. Nature Neuroscience, 17(10), 1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, C. A. 3rd, Bos, K., Gunnar, M. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2011). The neurobiological toll of early human deprivation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76(4), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00630.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, C. A. 3rd, Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2019). How early experience shapes human development: The case of psychosocial deprivation. Neural Plasticity, 1676285. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1676285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHS Digital, Mental Health Services Monthly Statistics. Performance February, Provisional March 2022 https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-services-monthly-statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Noble, K. G., McCandliss, B. D., & Farah, M. J. (2007). Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities. Developmental Science, 10(4), 464–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00600.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble, K. G., Tottenham, N., & Casey, B. J. (2005). Neuroscience perspectives on disparities in school readiness and cognitive achievement. The Future of Children, 15(1), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2005.0006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Doherty, D. C. M., Ryder, W., Paquola, C., Tickell, A., Chan, C., Hermens, D. F., Bennett, M. R., & Lagopoulos, J. (2018). White matter integrity alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 39(3), 1327–1338. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pain, C., Lanius, R. A., Ogden, P., & Vermetten, E. (2010). Psychodynamic psychotherapy: Adaptations for the treatment of patients with chronic complex post-traumatic stress disorder. In R. A. Lanius, E. Vermetten, & C. Pain (Eds.), The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic (pp. 286–294). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pechtel, P., Lyons-Ruth, K., Anderson, C. M., & Teicher, M. H. (2014). Sensitive periods of amygdala development: The role of maltreatment in preadolescence. Neuroimage, 97, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechtel, P., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011). Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: An integrated review of the human literature. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petanjek, Z., Judas, M., Kostovic, I., & Uylings, H. B. (2008). Lifespan alterations of basal dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex: A layer- specific pattern. Cerebral Cortex, 18(4), 915–929. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, D. D. (2002). Central neural mechanisms that interrelate sensory and affective dimensions of pain. Molecular Interventions, 2(392-403), 339. https://doi.org/10.1124/mi.2.6.392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quinlan, E. B., Barker, E. D., Luo, Q., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Frouin, V., Garavan, H., Chaarani, B., Gowland, P., Heinz, A., Brühl, R., Martinot, J.-L., Martinot, M.-L. P., Nees, F., Orfanos, D. P., … Schumann, G. (2020). Peer victimization and its impact on adolescent brain development and psychopathology. Molecular Psychiatry, 25(1), 3066–3076. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0297-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raglan, G. B., Schmidt, L. A., & Schulkin, J. (2017). The role of glucocorticoids and corticotropin-releasing hormone regulation on anxiety symptoms and response to treatment. Endocrine Connections, 6(2), R1–R7. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-16-0100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer Thomsen K, Blom Osterland, B., Hesse, M., & Feldstein Ewing, S. W. (2018). The intersection between response inhibition and substance use among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 78, 228–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarinen, A., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., Jääskeläinen, E., Huhtaniska, S., Pudas, J., Tovar-Perdomo, S., Penttilä, M., Miettunen, J., & Lieslehto, J. (2021). Early adversity and emotion processing from faces: A meta-analysis on behavioral and neurophysiological responses. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6(7), 692–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.01.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sapolsky, R. M. (1996). Stress, glucocorticoids, and damage to the nervous system: The current state of confusion. Stress, 1(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253899609001092
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scioli-Salter, E. R., Forman, D. E., Otis, J. D., Gregor, K., Valovski, I., & Rasmusson, A. M. (2015). The shared neuroanatomy and neurobiology of comorbid chronic pain & PTSD: Therapeutic implications. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 31(4), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seedat, S., Stein, M. B., Kennedy, C. M., & Hauger, R. L. (2003). Plasma cortisol and neuropeptide Y in female victims of intimate partner violence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(6), 796–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00086-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for Depression – a new Approach for Preventing Relapse. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, P., Kabani, N. J., Lerch, J. P., Eckstrand, K., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Evans, A., Rapoport, J. L., Giedd, J. N., & Wise, S. P. (2008). Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(14), 3586–3594. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5309-07.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2014). Dimensions of early experience and neural development: Deprivation and threat. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(11), 580–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, R., Cantarella, A., Gallella, S., Worley, A., Boyd, S., Meek, J., & Fitzgerald, M. (2006). Cortical pain responses in human infants. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(14), 3662–3666. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0348-06.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, L. K., Draper, E. S., Manktelow, B. N., & Field, D. J. (2009). Socioeconomic inequalities in survival and provision of neonatal care: Population based study of very preterm infants. BMJ, 339(dec01 1), b4702. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4702
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Speck, V., Schlereth, T., Birklein, F., & Maihöfner, C. (2017). Increased prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in CRPS. European Journal of Pain, 21(3), 466–473. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, J. (1999). The treatment of long-term sequelae of child abuse. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, J. (2017). Principles of brain development. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 8(1-2), https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubbs, B., Thompson, T., Acaster, S., Vancampfort, D., Gaughran, F., & Correll, C. U. (2015). Decreased pain sensitivity among people with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of experimental pain induction studies. Pain, 156(11), 2121–2131. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed Sherriff, R., Van Hooff, M., Malhi, G. S., Grace, B., & McFarlane, A. (2020). Childhood determinants of suicidality in men recently transitioned from regular military service. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54(7), 743–754. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420924742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher, M. H., Dumont, N. L., Ito, Y., Vaituzis, C., Giedd, J. N., & Andersen, S. L. (2004). Childhood neglect is associated with reduced corpus callosum area. Biological Psychiatry, 56(2), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher, M. H., Rabi, K., Sheu, Y.-S., Seraphin, S. B., Andersen, S. L., Anderson, C. M., Choi J., & Tomoda, A. (2010). Neurobiology of childhood trauma and adversity. In R. A. Lanius, E. Vermetten, & C. Pain (Eds.), The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic (pp. 112–122). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Teicher, M., Samson, J. A., Polcari, A., & McGreenery, C. E. (2006). Sticks, stones and hurtful words: Relative effects of various forms of childhood maltreatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 993–1000. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher, M., Tomoda, A., & Andersen, S. (2006). Neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment: Are results from human and animal studies comparable? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1364.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesarz, J., Eich, W., Treede, R. D., & Gerhardt, A. (2016). Altered pressure pain thresholds and increased wind-up in adult patients with chronic back pain with a history of childhood maltreatment: A quantitative sensory testing study. Pain, 157(8), 1799–1809. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesarz, J., Gerhardt, A., Leisner, S., Janke, S., Treede, R. D., & Eich, W. (2015). Distinct quantitative sensory testing profiles in nonspecific chronic back pain subjects with and without psychological trauma. Pain, 156(4), 577–586. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460350.30707.8d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiemeier, H., Lenroot, R. K., Greenstein, D. K., Tran, L., Pierson, R., & Giedd, J. N. (2010). Cerebellum development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal morphometric MRI study. Neuroimage, 49(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tottenham, N., Hare, T. A., Quinn, B. T., McCarry, T. W., Nurse, M., Gilhooly, T., Millner, A., Galvan, A., Davidson, M. C., Eigsti, I.-M., Thomas, K. M., Freed, P. J., Booma, E. S., Gunnar, M. R., Altemus, M., Aronson, J., & Casey, B. J. (2010). Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically larger amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation. Developmental Science, 13(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00852.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, I., & Mantyh, P. W. (2007). The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation. Neuron, 55(3), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turecki, G., Ota, V. K., Belangero, S. I., Jackowski, A., & Kaufman, J. (2014). Early life adversity, genomic plasticity, and psychopathology. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(6), 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00022-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uematsu, A., Matsui, M., Tanaka, C., Takahashi, T., Noguchi, K., Suzuki, M., & Nishijo, H. (2012). Developmental trajectories of amygdala and hippocampus from infancy to early adulthood in healthy individuals. PloS One, 7(10), e46970. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF report on war in Ukraine. (n.d.). https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/war-ukraine-pose-immediate-threat-children. July 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Upadhyay, J., Geber, C., Hargreaves, R., Birklein, F., & Borsook, D. (2018). A critical evaluation of validity and utility of translational imaging in pain and analgesia: Utilising functional imaging to enhance the process. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Wal, M. F., de Wit, C. A., & Hirasing, R. A. (2003). Psychosocial health among young victims and offenders of direct and indirect bullying. Pediatrics, 111(6), 1312–1317. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.6.1312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., Fan, L., Song, M., Liu, B., Wu, D., Jiang, R., Li, J., Li, A., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Quinlan, E. B., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Grigis, A., Garavan, H., Chaarani, B., Gowland, P., Heinz, A., Ittermann, B., … Schumann, G. (2021). Functional connectivity predicts individual development of inhibitory control during adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 31(5), 2686–2700. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, I. C., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D’Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7(8), 847–854. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, I. C., Diorio, J., Seckl, J. R., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2004). Early environmental regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: Characterization of intracellular mediators and potential genomic target sites. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1024(1), 182–212. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1321.099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wollgarten-Hadamek, I., Hohmeister, J., Demirakça, S., Zohsel, K., Flor, H., & Hermann, C. (2009). Do burn injuries during infancy affect pain and sensory sensitivity in later childhood? Pain, 141(1-2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollgarten-Hadamek, I., Hohmeister, J., Zohsel, K., Flor, H., & Hermann, C. (2011). Do school-aged children with burn injuries during infancy show stress-induced activation of pain inhibitory mechanisms? European Journal of Pain, 15(4), 423. e1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf, C. J., & Ma, Q. (2007). Nociceptors - noxious stimulus detectors. Neuron, 55(3), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: Putative role of epigenetic mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, J. E., & Klosko, J. S. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, J. N., & Fang, H. (2018). Transcriptional regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in stress response. IBRO Reports, 5, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2018.08.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar