References

• ABC News. (2020). Is there even such a thing as a "second wave"?. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-24/coronaviruscovid-19-countries-second-wave-explainer-south-korea/12385882
   Google Scholar
• Affleck, G., Tennen, H., & Croog, S. (1987). Causal attribution, perceived benefits, and morbidity after a heart attack: An 8-year study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akande, O. W., Elimian, K. O., Igumbor, E., Dunkwu, L., Kaduru, C., Olopha, O. O., Ohanu, D. O., Nwozor, L., Agogo, E., Aruna, O., Balogun, M. S., Aderinola, O., Ahumibe, A., Arinze, C., Badaru, S. O., Nwachukwu, W., Dada, A. O., Erameh, C., Hamza, K., … Ihekweazu, C. (2021). Epidemiological comparison of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, February 2020–April 2021. BMJ Global Health, 6(11), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2020b). Coronavirus: Cement Mixers Become Celebrities in China Lockdown. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51315238
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2020a). What is a second wave and is one coming?. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-53113785
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X., & Chen, H. (2020). Differences in preventive behaviors of COVID-19 between urban and rural residents: Lessons learned from a cross-sectional study in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChinaDaily. (2020a). Report: China's fight against COVID-19 (full text) - Chinadaily.com.cn. https://covid-19.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/21/WS5e9e2c62a3105d50a3d17880_1.html
   Google Scholar
• ChinaDaily. (2020b). Two new COVID-19 cases confirmed in Beijing - Chinadaily.com.cn. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/12/WS5ee33c19a310834817252b69.html
   Google Scholar
• ChinaDaily. (2020c). Beijing police seek to stop rumors about infection - Chinadaily.com.cn. https://covid-19.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/21/WS5e9e2c62a3105d50a3d17880_1.html
   Google Scholar
• ChinaDaily. (2020d). Overall supply of produce remains stable in Beijing: Official - Chinadaily.com.cn. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/14/WS5ee62ecba310834817252e85.html
   Google Scholar
• ChinaDaily. (2020e). Hebei boosts food supplies to help Beijing - Chinadaily.com.cn. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/15/WS5ee700a1a31083481725315a.html
   Google Scholar
• ChinaDaily. (2020f). Beijing to step up control on residential communities amid outbreak - Chinadaily.com.cn. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/17/WS5ee98f3ca310834817253a5b.html
   Google Scholar
• ChinaDaily. (2020g). Volunteers to help residential areas under lockdown - Chinadaily.com.cn. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/13/WS5ee46751a310834817252d03.html
   Google Scholar
• Clark, C., Davila, A., Regis, M., & Kraus, S. (2020). Predictors of COVID-19 voluntary compliance behaviors: An international investigation. Global Transitions, 2, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2020.06.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cryder, C. H., Kilmer, R. P., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2006). An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cvetkovic, V. M., Nikolic, N., Radovanovic Nenadic, U., Ocal, A., Noji, E. K., & Zecevic, M. (2020). Preparedness and preventive behaviors for a pandemic disaster caused by COVID-19 in Serbia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, B., Fu, D., Meng, G., Liu, B., Li, Q., & Liu, X. (2020). The effects of governmental and individual predictors on COVID-19 protective behaviors in China: A path analysis model. Public Administration Review, https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly, M., & Robinson, E. (2022). Psychological distress associated with the second COVID-19 wave: Prospective evidence from the UK household longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 310, 274–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daria, S., & Islam, M. R. (2021). The second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: An urgent call to save lives. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 10105395211021686. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395211021686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R. J., Ekman, P., Saron, C. D., Senulis, J. A., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independece of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(5), 1105–1117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, T., Jiang, H., Deng, X., Zhang, Q., & Wang, F. (2020). Government intervention, risk perception, and the adoption of protective action recommendations: Evidence from the COVID-19 prevention and control experience of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsayed, M., Schonfeldt-Lecuona, C., Welte, X. A., Dardeer, K. T., Kamal, M. A., Abdelnaby, R., Rudek, M. A., Riedel, E., Denkinger, M., Gahr, M., Connemann, B. J., Alif, S. M., Banik, B., Cross, W., & Rahman, M. A. (2022). Psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Southern Germany. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 860683. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.860683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhill, K. M., & Oppenheim, B. (2017). Rumor has it: The adoption of unverified information in conflict zones. International Studies Quarterly, 61(3), 660–676. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunst, D. C. M., Kaatsch, P., & Goldbeck, L. (2016). Seeing the good in the bad: Which factors are associated with posttraumatic growth in long-term survivors of adolescent cancer? Supportive Care in Cancer, 24(11), 4607–4615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-016-3303-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, C., Luedtke, S., Spicer, N., Stilhoff Sorensen, J., Mayhew, S., & Mounier-Jack, S. (2021). National health governance, science and the media: Drivers of COVID-19 responses in Germany, Sweden and the UK in 2020. BMJ Global Health, 6(12), e006691. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S., Rajandram, R. K., Chan, N., Samman, N., McGrath, C., & Zwahlen, R. A. (2011). The roles of hope and optimism on posttraumatic growth in oral cavity cancer patients. Oral Oncology, 47(2), 121–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.11.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, N., Menzies, M., & Radchenko, P. (2021). COVID-19 second wave mortality in Europe and the United States. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 31(3), 031105. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0041569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. J., Cho, J. H., & Kim, E. S. (2020). Differences in sense of belonging, pride, and mental health in the Daegu metropolitan region due to COVID-19: Comparison between the presence and absence of national disaster relief fund. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozina, A., Peras, I., Veldin, M., & Pivec, T. (2022). The psychological response and perception of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia: Three-wave repeated cross-sectional study. Stress and Health, https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok, K. O., Li, K. K., Chan, H. H. H., Yi, Y. Y., Tang, A., Wei, W. I., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2020). Community responses during early phase of COVID-19 epidemic, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(7), 1575–1579. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, J. T., Griffiths, S., Choi, K. C., & Tsui, H. Y. (2009). Widespread public misconception in the early phase of the H1N1 influenza epidemic. Journal of Infection, 59(2), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2009.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M., & You, M. (2020). Psychological and behavioral responses in South Korea during the early stages of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17092977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelorain, S., Tessier, P., Florin, A., & Bonnaud-Antignac, A. (2012). Posttraumatic growth in long term breast cancer survivors: Relation to coping, social support and cognitive processing. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(5), 627–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311427475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., Mao, M., Wang, S., Yin, R., Yan, H., Jin, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2021). Posttraumatic growth in Chinese nurses and general public during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1897148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., Feng, B., Liao, W., & Pan, W. (2020). Internet use, risk awareness, and demographic characteristics associated with engagement in preventive behaviors and testing: Cross-sectional survey on COVID-19 in the United States. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e19782. https://doi.org/10.2196/19782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C.-C. (2015). Gratitude and depression in young adults: The mediating role of self-esteem and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom, M. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and the Swedish strategy: Epidemiology and postmodernism. SSM - Population Health, 11, 100643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margraf, J., Brailovskaia, J., & Schneider, S. (2020). Behavioral measures to fight COVID-19: An 8-country study of perceived usefulness, adherence and their predictors. PLoS One, 15(12), e0243523. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). The basic emotional impact of environments. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 38(1), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1974.38.1.283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton, J., Lopes, H., Michelson, K., & Reid, J. (2020). Planning for a second wave pandemic of COVID-19 and planning for winter: A statement from the association of schools of public health in the European region. International Journal of Public Health, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01455-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mols, F., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Coebergh, J. W. W., & van de Poll-Franse, L. V. (2009). Well-being, posttraumatic growth and benefit finding in long-term breast cancer survivors. Psychology & Health, 24(5), 583–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440701671362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, M. J. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 with agility, transparency, and participation: Wicked policy problems and new governance challenges. Public Administration Review, https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1(2), 115–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115
   Google Scholar
• Park, T., Ju, I., Ohs, J. E., & Hinsley, A. (2021). Optimistic bias and preventive behavioral engagement in the context of COVID-19. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(1), 1859–1866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rippetoe, P. A., & Rogers, R. W. (1987). Effects of components of protection-motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 596–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robles-Bello, M. A., Sánchez-Teruel, D., & Valencia Naranjo, N. (2020). Variables protecting mental health in the Spanish population affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01132-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph, C. W., Allan, B., Clark, M., Hertel, G., Hirschi, A., Kunze, F., Shockley, K., Shoss, M., Sonnentag, S., & Zacher, H. (2021). Pandemics: Implications for research and practice in industrial and organizational psychology. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 14(1-2), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2020.48
   Google Scholar
• Rus Prelog, P., Matic, T., Pregelj, P., & Sadikov, A. (2022). Risk of depression, anxiety, and stress during the second wave of COVID-19 in Slovenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 788898. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.788898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito, S., Nobuaki-Matsunaga, Y., Hayakawa, K., Terada, M., Ohtsu, H., Tsuzuki, S., & Ohmagari, N. (2021). First and second COVID-19 waves in Japan: A comparison of disease severity and characteristics. Journal of Infection, 82(4), 84–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (1992). Life crises and personal growth. In B. N. Carpenter (Ed.), Personal coping: Theory, research, and application (pp. 149−170). Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., & Born, A. (1997). Optimistic self-beliefs: Assessment of general perceived self-efficacy in thirteen cultures. World Psychology, 3(1-2), 177–190.
   Google Scholar
• Seale, H., Heywood, A. E., Leask, J., Sheel, M., Thomas, S., Durrheim, D. N., Bolsewicz, K., & Kaur, R. (2020). COVID-19 is rapidly changing: Examining public perceptions and behaviors in response to this evolving pandemic. PLoS One, 15(6), e0235112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shechter, A., Diaz, F., Moise, N., Anstey, D. E., Ye, S., Agarwal, S., Birk, J. L., Brodie, D., Cannone, D. E., Chang, B., Claassen, J., Cornelius, T., Derby, L., Dong, M., Givens, R. C., Hochman, B., Homma, S., Kronish, I. M., Lee, S. A. J., … Abdalla, M. (2020). Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among New York healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. General Hospital Psychiatry, 66, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., & Zingg, A. (2014). The role of public trust during pandemics. European Psychologist, 19(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano, V., Ganado-Pinilla, P., Sanchez-Santos, M., Gomez-Gallego, F., Barreiro, P., de Mendoza, C., & Corral, O. (2021). Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 105, 374–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockmann, D., & Gallagher, M. E. (2011). Remote control: How the media sustain authoritarian rule in China. Comparative Political Studies, 44(4), 436–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010394773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Ebola Response Team, Aylward, B., Barboza, P., Bawo, L., Bertherat, E., Bilivogui, P., … Yoti, Z. (2014). Ebola virus disease in West Africa — The first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(16), 1481–1495. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020a). A cluster of COVID-19 in Beijing, People's Republic of China. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-06-2020-a-cluster-of-covid-19-in-beijing-people-s-republicof-china
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020b). France: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/fr
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020c). Netherlands: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/nl
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2021a). Bangladesh. https://www.who.int/countries/bgd/
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2021b). India. https://www.who.int/countries/ind/
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2021c). WHO India | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/india/
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. Retrieved March 8, 2022, from https://covid19.who.int/
   Google Scholar
• Woelfert, F. S., & Kunst, J. R. (2020). How political and social trust can impact social distancing practices during COVID-19 in unexpected ways. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 572966. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, J., & Liao, Q. (2011). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors one year following 2008 sichuan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(1-2), 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z., Zhang, S., Tang, Y. P., Zhang, S., Xu, D. Q., Yue, S. J., & Liu, Q. L. (2022). Clinical characteristics, transmissibility, pathogenicity, susceptible populations, and re-infectivity of prominent COVID-19 variants. Aging and Disease, 13(2), 402–422. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.1210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim, M., & Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Current Psychology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, X.-n., Lau, J. T. F., Zhang, J., Mak, W. W. S., Choi, K. C., Lui, W. W. S., Zhang, J., & Chan, E. Y. Y. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and reduced suicidal ideation among adolescents at month 1 after the Sichuan Earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123(1-3), 327–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., Peng, L., Tang, T., Chen, L., Li, M., & Wang, T. (2014). Effects of emotion regulation and general self-efficacy on posttraumatic growth in Chinese cancer survivors: Assessing the mediating effect of positive affect. Psychooncology, 23(4), 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, B. L., Luo, W., Li, H. M., Zhang, Q. Q., Liu, X. G., Li, W. T., & Li, Y. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: A quick online cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1745–1752. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, S.-J., Zhang, L.-G., Wang, L.-L., Guo, Z.-C., Wang, J.-Q., Chen, J.-C., Liu, M., Chen, X., & Chen, J.-X. (2020). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 749–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., & Wu, X. (2016). Understanding the roles of gratitude and social support in posttraumatic growth among adolescents after Ya'an earthquake: A longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology — a critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 626–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar