Advanced search
Publication Cover
European Journal of Psychotraumatology Volume 13, 2022 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
2,141
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research Article

Risk and protective factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic – findings from a pan-European study

Factores de riesgo y protectores para el trastorno de éstres postráumatico en individuos expuestos a trauma durante la pandemia COVID-19 – hallazgos de un estudio paneuropeo

COVID-19 疫情期间创伤暴露个体的创伤后应激障碍风险和保护因素——一项泛欧研究的结果

Annett Lotzina Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;b Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyCorrespondence[email protected]
View further author information
,
Linda Krausec Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyView further author information
,
Elena Acquarinid DISCUI, University of Urbino, Urbino, ItalyView further author information
,
Dean Ajdukovice Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, CroatiaView further author information
,
Xenia Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambousf Psychology Program, School of Ηumanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, CyprusView further author information
,
Vittoria Ardinod DISCUI, University of Urbino, Urbino, ItalyView further author information
,
Kristina Bondjersg Department of Medical Sciences, National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;h National Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, NorwayView further author information
,
Maria Böttchei Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany;j Forschungsabteilung, Zentrum ÜBERLEBEN, Berlin, GermanyView further author information
,
Małgorzata Dragank Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandView further author information
,
Margarida Figueiredo-Bragal Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal;m Trauma Observatory, Centre for Social Studies (CES), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PortugalView further author information
,
Odeta Gelezelyten Center for Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LithuaniaView further author information
,
Piotr Grajewskik Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandView further author information
,
Jana Darejan Javakhishvilio Faculty of Arts and Science, Institute of Addiction Studies, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, GeorgiaView further author information
,
Evaldas Kazlauskasn Center for Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LithuaniaView further author information
,
Lonneke Lenferinkp Department of Psychology, Health, & Technology, Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, the NetherlandsView further author information
,
Chrysanthi Lioupif Psychology Program, School of Ηumanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, CyprusView further author information
,
Brigitte Lueger-Schusterq Unit of Psychotraumatology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaView further author information
,
Trudy Moorenr Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The NetherlandsView further author information
,
Luisa Salesm Trauma Observatory, Centre for Social Studies (CES), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;s Unit of Psychiatry, Hospital Militar, Coimbra, PortugalView further author information
,
Aleksandra Stevanovict Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, CroatiaView further author information
,
Josefin Sveeng Department of Medical Sciences, National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenView further author information
,
Lela Tsiskarishviliu Faculty of Arts and Science, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, GeorgiaView further author information
,
Irina Zrnic Novakovicq Unit of Psychotraumatology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaView further author information
,
Ingo Schäfera Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, GermanyView further author information
& ADJUST Study Consortium show all
Article: 2138099 | Received 11 Apr 2022, Accepted 05 Sep 2022, Published online: 22 Nov 2022

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association.
  • Barrafrem, K., Tinghög, G., & Västfjäll, D. (2021). Trust in the government increases financial well-being and general well-being during COVID-19. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 31, Article 100514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100514
  • Bendau, A., Petzold, M. B., Pyrkosch, L., Mascarell Maricic, L., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J., Große, J., Ströhle, A., & Plag, J. (2021). Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 271(2), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01171-6
  • Bovin, M. J., Kimerling, R., Weathers, F. W., Prins, A., Marx, B. P., Post, E. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2021). Diagnostic accuracy and acceptability of the primary care posttraumatic stress disorder screen for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (fifth edition) among US veterans. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), e2036733. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36733
  • Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748–766. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.748
  • Brotto, L. A., Chankasingh, K., Baaske, A., Albert, A., Booth, A., Kaida, A., Smith, L. W., Racey, S., Gottschlich, A., Murray, M. C. M., Sadarangani, M., Ogilvie, G. S., & Galea, L. (2021). The influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One, 16(11), e0259676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259676
  • Cénat, J. M., Blais-Rochette, C., Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Noorishad, P.-G., Mukunzi, J. N., McIntee, S.-E., Dalexis, R. D., Goulet, M.-A., & Labelle, P. R. (2021). Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 295, 113599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113599
  • Concerto, C., Rodolico, A., Sturiale, S., Caligiore, G., Signorelli, M. S., Petralia, A., Battaglia, F., & Aguglia, E. (2022). Prevalence and factors associated with PTSD-like symptoms linked to the COVID-19 pandemic among patients with major depressive disorders seeking emergency care. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 210(4), 246–248. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001468
  • Conrad, R. C., Hahm, H., “Chris,” Koire, A., Pinder-Amaker, S., & Liu, C. H. (2021). College student mental health risks during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications of campus relocation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 136, 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.054
  • Currie, C. L. (2021). Adult PTSD symptoms and substance use during Wave 1 of the COVID-19 pandemic. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 13, 100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100341
  • Dragan, M., Grajewski, P., & Shevlin, M. (2021). Adjustment disorder, traumatic stress, depression and anxiety in Poland during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), Article 1860356. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1860356
  • Fang, D., Thomsen, M. R., & Nayga, R. M. (2021). The association between food insecurity and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10013-y
  • Hall, R. C., Hall, R. C., & Chapman, M. J. (2008). The 1995 Kikwit Ebola outbreak: Lessons hospitals and physicians can apply to future viral epidemics. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30(5), 446–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.003
  • Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Murphy, J., McBride, O., Ben-Ezra, M., Bentall, R. P., Vallières, F., & Hyland, P. (2020). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and associated comorbidity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland: A population-based study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(4), 365–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22565
  • Kendall-Tackett, K. (2020). A social history of the coronavirus. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), S1–S2. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000955
  • Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Ashby, J. S., Elwakeel, S. A., Alhuwailah, A., Sous, M. S. F., Baali, S. B. A., Azdaou, C., Oliemat, E., & Jamil, M., & J, H. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 traumatic stressors on mental health: Is COVID-19 a new trauma type. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00577-0
  • Lahav, Y. (2020). Psychological distress related to COVID-19 – The contribution of continuous traumatic stress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.141
  • Liu, C., Huang, N., Fu, M., Zhang, H., Feng, X. L., & Guo, J. (2021). Relationship between risk perception, social support, and mental health among general Chinese population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 1843–1853. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S302521
  • Lotzin, A., Aakvaag, H., Acquarini, E., Ajdukovic, D., Ardino, V., Böttche, M., Bondjers, K., Bragesjö, M., Dragan, M., Braga, M. M. C. de F. F., Gelezelyte, O., Grajewski, P., Javakhishvili, D., Kazlauskas, E., Knefel, M., Lueger-Schuster, B., Makhashvili, N., Mooren, T., Sales, L., Stevanovic A., Schäfer, I. (2020). Stressors, coping and symptoms of adjustment disorder in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic—Study protocol of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) pan-European study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1780832. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1780832
  • Lotzin, A., Hinrichsen, I., Kenntemich, L., Freyberg, R.-C., Lau, W., & O’Donnell, M. (2021). The SOLAR group program to promote recovery after disaster and trauma-A randomized controlled feasibility trial among German trauma survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 14(1), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001105
  • Lotzin, A., Ketelsen, R., Zrnic, I., Lueger-Schuster, B., Böttche, M., & Schäfer, I. (2022). The Pandemic Stressor Scale: Factorial validity and reliability of a measure of stressors during a pandemic. BMC Psychology, 10(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00790-z
  • Lotzin, A., Krause, L., Acquarini, E., Ajdukovic, D., Ardino, V., Arnberg, F., Böttche, M., Bragesjö, M., Dragan, M., Figueiredo-Braga, M., Gelezelyte, O., Grajewski, P., Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., Javakhishvili, J. D., Kazlauskas, E., Lenferink, L., Lioupi, C., Lueger-Schuster, B., Tsiskarishvili, L., Mooren, T., … ADJUST study Consortium. (2021). Risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic – First results of the ESTSS COVID-19 pan-European ADJUST study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1964197. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1964197
  • Masiero, M., Mazzocco, K., Harnois, C., Cropley, M., & Pravettoni, G. (2020). From individual to social trauma: Sources of everyday trauma in Italy, the US and UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(5), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1787296
  • Neelam, K., Duddu, V., Anyim, N., Neelam, J., & Lewis, S. (2021). Pandemics and pre-existing mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 10, 100177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100177
  • Olagoke, A. A., Olagoke, O. O., & Hughes, A. M. (2020). Psychological pathways linking public trust during the Coronavirus pandemic to mental and physical well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 570216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570216
  • Olff, M. (2017). Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: An update. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup4), 1351204. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1351204
  • Olff, M., Primasari, I., Qing, Y., Coimbra, B. M., Hovnanyan, A., Grace, E., Williamson, R. E., Hoeboer, C. M., & Consortium, the G.-C. (2021). Mental health responses to COVID-19 around the world. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1929754. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1929754
  • Prins, A., Bovin, M. J., Kimerling, R., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., Pless Kaiser, A., & Schnurr, P. P. (2015). The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5). Scale Available from the National Center for PTSD Web Site Www. Ptsd. va. Gov. Updated April, 7, 2017.
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, Article 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Riley, R. D., Snell, K. I. E., Ensor, J., Burke, D. L., Harrell Jr, F. E., Moons, K. G. M., & Collins, G. S. (2019). Minimum sample size for developing a multivariable prediction model: Part I – Continuous outcomes. Statistics in Medicine, 38(7), 1262–1275. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.7993
  • Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
  • Russ, M. J., Parish, S. J., Mendelowitz, R., Mendoza, S., Arkow, S. D., Radosta, M., Espinosa, L., Sombrotto, L. B., Anthony, D., Wyman, D. A., Baptista-Neto, L., & Wilner, P. J. (2021). The interface of COVID-19 and inpatient psychiatry: Our experience and lessons learned. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 27(3), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRA.0000000000000551
  • Ryder, A. L., Azcarate, P. M., & Cohen, B. E. (2018). PTSD and physical health. [Review]. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(12), 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0977-9
  • Salehi, M., Amanat, M., Mohammadi, M., Salmanian, M., Rezaei, N., Saghazadeh, A., & Garakani, A. (2021). The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder related symptoms in Coronavirus outbreaks: A systematic-review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 527–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.188
  • Solar, O., & Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. World Health Organization.
  • Spoont, M. R., Williams, J. W., Kehle-Forbes, S., Nieuwsma, J. A., Mann-Wrobel, M. C., & Gross, R. (2015). Does this patient have posttraumatic stress disorder?: Rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA, 314(5), 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.7877
  • Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) with Criterion A. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assess-ment/adult-sr/ptsd-checklist.asp
  • White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011). Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Statistics in Medicine, 30(4), 377–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4067
  • Wolfson, J. A., Garcia, T., & Leung, C. W. (2021). Food insecurity is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress: Evidence from the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Health Equity, 5(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0059
  • Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
  • Yenerall, J., & Jensen, K. (2021). Food security, financial resources, and mental health: Evidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrients, 14(1), 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010161
  • Yuan, K., Gong, Y.-M., Liu, L., Sun, Y.-K., Tian, S.-S., Wang, Y.-J., Zhong, Y., Zhang, A.-Y., Su, S.-Z., Liu, X.-X., Zhang, Y.-X., Lin, X., Shi, L., Yan, W., Fazel, S., Vitiello, M. V., Bryant, R. A., Zhou, X.-Y., Ran, M.-S., Bao Y.-P., … Lu, L. (2021). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Molecular Psychiatry, 26, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01036-x
  • Yunitri, N., Chu, H., Kang, X. L., Jen, H.-J., Pien, L.-C., Tsai, H.-T., Kamil, A. R., & Chou, K.-R. (2022). Global prevalence and associated risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder during COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 126, Article 104136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104136

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.