2,422
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Editorial

Widening the scope: defining and treating moral injury in diverse populations

Ampliando el horizonte: definición y tratamiento del daño moral en diversas poblaciones

扩大范围:在不同人群中定义和治疗道德伤害

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Battaglia, A. M., Protopopescu, A., Boyd, J. E., Lloyd, C., Jetly, R., O’Connor, C., Hood, H. K., Nazarov, A., Rhind, S. G., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2019). The relation between adverse childhood experiences and moral injury in the Canadian Armed Forces. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1546084. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1546084
  • Berkhout, S. G., Billings, J., Abou Seif, N., Singleton, D., Stein, H., Hegarty, S., Ondruskova, T., Soulios, E., Bloomfield, M. A. P., Greene, T., Seto, A., Abbey, S., & Sheehan, K. (2022). Shared sources and mechanisms of healthcare worker distress in COVID-19: A comparative qualitative study in Canada and the UK. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(2), 2107810. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2107810
  • De la Rie, S. M., Van Sint Fiet, A., Bos, J. B. A., Mooren, N., Smid, G., & Bersons, B. P. R. (2021). Brief eclectic psychotherapy for moral trauma (BEPMT): Treatment protocol description and a case study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1929026. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1929026
  • Denov, M. (2022). Encountering children and child soldiers during military deployments: The impact and implications for moral injury. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(2), 2104007. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2104007
  • De Waal, F. B. M., & Preston, S. D. (2017). Mammalian empathy: Behavioural manifestations and neural basis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18, 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.72
  • Eisma, M. C., Janshen, A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2022). Content overlap analyses of ICD-11 and DSM-5 prolonged grief disorder and prior criteria-sets. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.2011691
  • Evans, W. R., Walser, R. D., Drescher, K. D., & Farnsworth, J. K. (2020). The moral injury workbook: Acceptance & commitment therapy skills for moving beyond shame, anger & trauma to reclaim your values. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Fani, N., Currier, J. M., Turner, M. D., Guelfo, A., Kloess, M., Jain, J., Mekawi, Y., Kuzyk, E., Hinrichs, R., Bradley, B., Powers, A., Stevens, J. S., Michopoulos, V., & Turner, J. A. (2021). Moral injury in civilians: Associations with trauma exposure, PTSD, and suicide behavior. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1965464. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1965464
  • Friedman, P. (1949). Some aspects of concentration camp psychology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 105(8), 601–605. doi:10.1176/ajp.105.8.601
  • Hegarty, S., Lamb, D., Stevelink, S. A. M., Bhundia, R., Raine, R., Doherty, M. J., Scott, H. R., Rafferty, A. M., Williamzons, V., Dorrington, S., Hotopf, M., Razavi, R., Greenberg, N., & Wessely, S. (2022). ‘It hurts your heart’: Frontline healthcare worker experiences of moral injury during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(2), 2128028. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2128028
  • Held, P., Klassen, B. J., Steigerwald, V. L., Smith, D. L., Bravo, K., Rozek, D. C., Van Horn, R., & Zalta, A. (2021). Do morally injurious experiences and index events negatively impact intensive PTSD treatment outcomes among combat veterans? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1877026. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1877026
  • Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence. Basic Books.
  • Hertz, U., Snider, K. L. G., Levy, A., Canetti, D., & Gross, M. L. (2022). To shoot or not to shoot: Experiments on moral injury in the context of West Bank checkpoints and COVID-19 restrictions enforcement. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2013651. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.2013651
  • Hoffman, J., Liddell, B., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2019). A latent profile analysis of moral injury appraisals in refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1686805. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1686805
  • Killikelly, C., & Maercker, M. (2017). Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: The primacy of clinical utility and international applicability. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup6), https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1476441
  • Kubany, E. S. (1994). A cognitive model of guilt typology in combat-related PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490070103
  • Levi-Belz, Y., Greene, T., & Zerach, G. (2020). Associations between moral injury, PTSD clusters, and depression among Israeli veterans: A network approach. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1736411. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1736411
  • Lifton, R. J. (1973). Home from the war: Learning from Vietnam veterans. Beacon Press.
  • Litz, B. T., & Kerig, P. K. (2019). Introduction to the special issue on moral injury: Conceptual challenges, methodological issues, and clinical applications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22405
  • Litz, B. T., Lebowitz, L., Gray, M. J., & Nash, W. P. (2016). Adaptive disclosure: A new treatment for military trauma, loss, and moral injury. Guilford.
  • Litz, B. T., Plouffe, R. A., Nazarov, A., Murphy, D., Phelps, A., Coady, A., Houle, S. A., Dell, L., Frankfurt, S., Zerach, G., Levi-Belz, Y., & the Moral Injury Outcome Scale Consortium. (2022). Defining and assessing the syndrome of moral injury: Initial findings of the Moral Injury Outcome Scale Consortium. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 923928. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.923928
  • Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
  • Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., Van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., Humayan, A., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Roussaeu, C., Somasundaram, D. J., Souza, R., Suzuki, Y., Weissbecker, I., Wessely, S. C., First, M. B., & Reed, G. M. (2013). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 12(3), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20057
  • Maftei, A., & Holman, A. C. (2021). The prevalence of exposure to potentially morally injurious events among physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1898791. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1898791
  • Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00017
  • Nazarov, A., Fikretoglu, D., Liu, A., Richardson, D., & Thompson, M. (2020). Help-seeking for mental health issues in deployed Canadian Armed Forces personnel at risk for moral injury. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1729032. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1729032
  • Nieuwsma, J. A., Smigelsky, M. A., & Grossoehme, D. H. (2022). Introduction to the special issue “Moral injury care: Practices and collaboration”. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 28(sup1), S3–S8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2022.2047564
  • Norman, S., Allard, C., Browne, K., Capone, C., Davis, B., & Kubany, E. (2019). Trauma informed guilt reduction therapy: Treating guilt and shame resulting from trauma and moral injury. Academic Press.
  • O’Donnell, M. L., & Greene, T. (2021). Understanding the mental health impacts of COVID-19 through a trauma lens. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1982502. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1982502
  • Passardi, S., Hocking, D. C., Morina, N., Sundram, S., & Alisic, E. (2022). Moral injury related to immigration detention on Nauru: A qualitative study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2029042. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2029042
  • Prigerson, H. G., Kakarala, S., Gang, J., & Maciejwski, P. K. (2021). History and status of prolonged grief disorder as a psychiatric diagnosis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-093600
  • Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. Scribner.
  • Ter Heide, F. J. J. (2020). Empathy is key in the development of moral injury. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1843261. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1843261
  • Vermetten, E., Jones, C., Smith MacDonald, L., Ter Heide, J. J., Greenshaw, A. J., & Brémault-Phillips, S. (2023). Editorial: Emerging treatments and approaches for moral injury and moral distress. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1125161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1125161
  • Williamson, V., Greenberg, N., & Murphy, D. (2019). Moral injury in UK armed forces veterans: A qualitative study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1562842. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1562842
  • Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Aldridge, V., Bonson, A., Seforti, D., & Greenberg, N. (2022). Development of an intervention for moral injury-related mental health difficulties in UK military veterans: A feasibility pilot study protocol. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(2), 2138059. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2138059
  • Williamson, V., Murphy, D., & Greenberg, N. (2022). Experiences and impact of moral injury in U.K. veterinary professional wellbeing. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2051351. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2051351
  • Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Stevelink, S. A. M., Allen, S., Jones, E., & Greenberg, N. (2020). The impact of trauma exposure and moral injury on UK military veterans: A qualitative study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1704554. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1704554
  • Zerach, G., & Levi-Belz, Y. (2021). Moral injury and mental health outcomes among Israeli health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A latent class analysis approach. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1945749. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1945749