References

• Abbas, Z., Eiden, C., Salameh, P., & Peyriere, H. (2021). Substance use among refugees in three Lebanese camps: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 94, 103204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaro, H., Sanchez, M., Bautista, T., & Cox, R. (2021). Social vulnerabilities for substance use: Stressors, socially toxic environments, and discrimination and racism. Neuropharmacology, 188, 108518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderberg, M., & Dahlberg, M. (2018). Gender differences among adolescents with substance abuse problems at Maria clinics in Sweden. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 35(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1455072517751263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden, J. M., & Fergusson, D. M. (2011). Alcohol and depression. Addiction, 106(5), 906–914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiumento, A., Rutayisire, T., Sarabwe, E., Hasan, M. T., Kasujja, R., Nabirinde, R., Mugarura, J., Kagabo, D. M., Bangirana, P., Jansen, S., Ventevogel, P., Robinson, J., & White, R. G. (2020). Exploring the mental health and psychosocial problems of Congolese refugees living in refugee settings in Rwanda and Uganda: A rapid qualitative study. Conflict and Health, 14(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-020-00323-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crapanzano, K. A., Hammarlund, R., Ahmad, B., Hunsinger, N., & Kullar, R. (2019). The association between perceived stigma and substance use disorder treatment outcomes: A review. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2147/sar.S183252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezard, N., Thiptharakun, S., Nosten, F., Rhodes, T., & McGready, R. (2012). Risky alcohol use among reproductive-age men, not women, in Mae La refugee camp, Thailand, 2009. Conflict and Health, 6(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-6-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fatemi, S., Soleimani, R., Yazdanipour, M. A., Novin, M. H., & Abdollahi, E. (2022). Psychometric properties of 20-item and 10-item Persian versions of drug abuse screening test. Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery, 32(3), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.32598/jhnm.32.3.2366
   Google Scholar
• Greene, M. C., Kane, J. C., Khoshnood, K., Ventevogel, P., & Tol, W. A. (2018). Challenges and opportunities for implementation of substance misuse interventions in conflict-affected populations. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0267-1
   Google Scholar
• Greene, M. C., Ventevogel, P., & Kane, J. C. (2019). Substance use services for refugees. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 97(4), 246–246a. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.18.225086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horyniak, D., Melo, J. S., Farrell, R. M., Ojeda, V. D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2016). Epidemiology of substance Use among forced migrants: A global systematic review. Plos One, 11(7), e0159134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Im, H., & George, N. (2022). “It hurts so much to live for nothing”: Lived experiences of substance Use Among refugee youth in displacement. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1671–1686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00472-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. P. (1996). Alcohol and drug use among displaced persons: An overview. Substance Use & Misuse, 31(13), 1853–1889. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826089609064003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozarić-Kovacić, D., Ljubin, T., & Grappe, M. (2000). Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence in displaced persons. Croatian Medical Journal, 41(2), 173–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(4), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, J., Patel, P., Shultz, J. M., Ezard, N., & Roberts, B. (2017). A systematic review on harmful alcohol use among civilian populations affected by armed conflict in low- and middle-income countries. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(11), 1494–1510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1289411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussas, G., Dadouti, G., Douzenis, A., Poulis, E., Tselebis, A., Bratis, D., Christodoulou, C., & Lykouras, L. (2009). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Reliability and validity of the Greek version. Annals of General Psychiatry, 8(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859x-8-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puertas, G., Ríos, C., & del Valle, H. (2006). [The prevalence of common mental disorders in urban slums with displaced persons in Colombia]. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 20(5), 324–330. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892006001000005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., & Patra, J. (2009). Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. The Lancet, 373(9682), 2223–2233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60746-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, B., Felix Ocaka, K., Browne, J., Oyok, T., & Sondorp, E. (2011). Alcohol disorder amongst forcibly displaced persons in northern Uganda. Addictive Behaviors, 36(8), 870–873. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, B., Murphy, A., Chikovani, I., Makhashvili, N., Patel, V., & McKee, M. (2014). Individual and community level risk-factors for alcohol use disorder among conflict-affected persons in Georgia. Plos One, 9(5), e98299–e98299. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salama, E., Niemelä, S., Suvisaari, J., Laatikainen, T., Koponen, P., & Castaneda, A. E. (2018). The prevalence of substance use among Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland: A population-based study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5564-9
   Google Scholar
• Saleh, E. A., Lazaridou, F. B., Klapprott, F., Wazaify, M., Heinz, A., & Kluge, U. (2023). A systematic review of qualitative research on substance use among refugees. Addiction, 118(2), 218–253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption–II. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research Methods for Business Students (6th ed.). Pitman Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ssebunnya, J., Kituyi, C., Nabanoba, J., Nakku, J., Bhana, A., & Kigozi, F. (2020). Social acceptance of alcohol use in Uganda. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2471-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Test Review: Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9). (2014). Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 57(4), 246–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355213515305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UBOS. (2020). The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants. Government of Uganda.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR, & OPM. (2020). Urban Refugees and Asylum-Seekers in Uganda: Uganda Refugee Response (Issue July).
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, H., & Roberts, B. (2010). Drinking and displacement: A systematic review of the influence of forced displacement on harmful alcohol Use. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(13), 2340–2355. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826081003793920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, J., Chen, T. F., Paul, D., McCahon, R., Shankar, S., Rosen, A., & O’Reilly, C. L. (2016). Stigma and discrimination experienced by people living with severe and persistent mental illness in assertive community treatment settings. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 62(6), 532–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764016651459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar