References
- References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the scoping review.
- Abbey, A., Zawacki, T., Buck, P. O., Clinton, A. M., & McAuslan, P. (2001). Alcohol and sexual assault. Alcohol Research & Health, 25(1), 43–51.
- Abbey, A., Zawacki, T., Buck, P. O., Clinton, A. M., & McAuslan, P. (2004). Sexual assault and alcohol consumption: What do we know about their relationship and what types of research are still needed? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(3), 271–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00011-9
- Anderson, R. E., Holmes, S. C., Johnson, N. L., & Johnson, D. M. (2021). Analysis of a modification to the sexual experiences survey to assess intimate partner sexual violence. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(9), 1140–1150. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1766404
- Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
- Bell, M. E., Dardis, C. M., Vento, S. A., & Street, A. E. (2018). Victims of sexual harassment and sexual assault in the military: Understanding risks and promoting recovery. Military Psychology, 30(3), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000144
- *Breslin, R. A., Klahr, A., Hylton, K., Petusky, M., White, A., & Tercha, J. (2020). 2019 Workplace and gender relations survey of reserve component members: Overview report (OPA Report No. 2020-054). Office of People Analytics. https://www.sapr.mil/sites/default/files/16_Annex_2_2019_Workplace_and_Gender_Relations_Survey_of_Reserve_Component_Members_Overview_Report.pdf
- Breslin, R. A., Klahr, A., Hylton, K., White, A., Petusky, M., & Sampath, S. (2022). 2021 Workplace and gender relations survey of military members: Overview report (OPA Report No. 2022-182). Office of People Analytics. https://www.opa.mil/research-analysis/health-well-being/gender-relations/2021-workplace-and-gender-relations-survey-of-military-members-reports/2021-workplace-and-gender-relations-survey-of-military-members-overview-report/
- *Cook, P. J., Jones, A. M., Lipari, R. N., & Lancaster, A. R. (2005). Service academy 2005 sexual harassment and assault survey (DMDC Report No. 2005-01). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/DocumentFile/Documents/2005/Academy2005Survey122305.pdf
- *Cook, P. J., & Lipari, R. N. (2008). 2008 Service academy gender relations survey (DMDC Report No. 2008-021). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rachel-Lipari/publication/235172419_2008_Service_Academy_Gender_Relations_Survey/links/55db1e3e08aec156b9af23d9/2008-Service-Academy-Gender-Relations-Survey.pdf
- *Cook, P. J., & Lipari, R. N. (2010). 2010 Service academy gender relations survey (DMDC Report No. 2010-023). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/research/FINAL_SAGR_2010_Overview_Report.pdf
- *Cook, P. J., Van Winkle, E. P., Namrow, N., Hurley, M., Pflieger, J., Davis, L., Rock, L., Falk, E., & Schneider, J. (2015). 2014 Service academy gender relations survey: Overview report (DMDC Report No. 2014-016). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA612147.pdf
- Crane, C. A. (2017). The proximal effects of acute alcohol use on female aggression: A meta-analytic review of the experimental literature. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000244
- *Cunningham, N. (2021). Dynamics of male-on-male penetrative sexual assaults in the United States Army [Doctoral dissertation]. Walden University. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiXgbueztT-AhXsKEQIHQYZD9AQFnoECBUQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.waldenu.edu%2Fdissertations%2F10109%2F&usg=AOvVaw0YpCaHySUUcljemBS_dYPO
- Davis, K. C., Neilson, E. C., Kirwan, M., Eldridge, N., George, W. H., & Stappenbeck, C. A. (2021). Alcohol-involved sexual aggression: Emotion regulation as a mechanism of behavior change. Health Psychology, 40(12), 940–950. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001048
- Davis, K. C., Stoner, S. A., Norris, J., George, W. H., & Masters, N. T. (2009). Women’s awareness of and discomfort with sexual assault cues: Effects of alcohol consumption and relationship type. Violence Against Women, 15(9), 1106–1125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209340759
- *Davis, L., Grifka, A., Williams, K., & Coffey, M. (2017). 2016 Workplace and gender relations survey of active duty members: Overview report (OPA Report No. 2016-050). Office of People Analytics. https://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/reports/FY16_Annual/Annex_1_2016_WGRA_Report.pdf
- *Davis, L., Klahr, A., Hylton, K., Klauberg, W., & Petusky, M. (2019). 2018 U.S. Coast Guard Service Academy gender relations survey: Overview report (OPA Report No. 2016-050). Office of People Analytics. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1075894.pdf
- *Davis, L., Klahr, A., Klauberg, W. X., Alukal, D., Wakefield, E., Puckett, G., Clark, B., Salomone, D., Elvey, K., & Lane, B. (2023). 2022 Service academy gender relations survey: Overview report (OPA Report No. 2023-021). Office of People Analytics. https://www.opa.mil/research-analysis/health-well-being/gender-relations/2022-service-academy-gender-relations-survey/2022-service-academy-gender-relations-survey-overview-report/
- *Defense Manpower Data Center. (2008). 2006 Workplace and gender relations survey of active duty members: Tabulations of responses (DMDC Report No. 2007-020). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA483409.pdf
- *Defense Manpower Data Center. (2012). 2012 Service academy gender relations survey. Defense Manpower Data Center. DMDC Note No. 2012-023. https://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/research/DMDC_2012_Service_Academy_Gender_Relations_Survey.pdf
- *Defense Manpower Data Center. (2013). 2012 Workplace and gender relations survey of reserve component members. Defense Manpower Data Center. DMDC Note No. 2013-002. https://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/research/2012_Workplace_and_Gender_Relations_Survey_of_Reserve_Component_Members-Survey_Note_and_Briefing.pdf
- *Defense Manpower Data Center. (2016). 2015 Workplace and gender relations survey of reserve component members: Tabulations of responses (DMDC Report No. 2016-003). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA630234.pdf
- Ekholm, O. (2004). Influence of the recall period on self-reported alcohol intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58(1), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601746
- Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J., & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17(4), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2
- Fitzgerald, L. F., Shullman, S. L., Bailey, N., Richards, M., Swecker, J., Gold, Y., Ormerod, M., & Weitzman, L. (1988). The incidence and dimensions of sexual harassment in academia and the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32(2), 152–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(88)90012-7
- Forkus, S. R., Rosellini, A. J., Monteith, L. L., & Contractor, A. A. (2020). Military sexual trauma and alcohol misuse among military veterans: The roles of negative and positive emotion dysregulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(7), 716–724. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000604
- Forkus, S. R., Weiss, N. H., Goncharenko, S., Mamas, J., Church, M., & Contractor, A. A. (2021). Military sexual trauma and risky behaviors: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(4), 976–993. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019897338
- George, W. H., Davis, K. C., Norris, J., Heiman, J. R., Stoner, S. A., Schacht, R. L., Hendershot, C. S., & Kajumulo, K. F. (2009). Indirect effects of acute alcohol intoxication on sexual risk-taking: The roles of subjective and physiological sexual arousal. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(4), 498–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9346-9
- Greathouse, S. M., Saunders, J., Matthews, M., Keller, K. M., & Miller, L. L. (2015). A review of the literature on sexual assault perpetrator characteristics and behaviors. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1000/RR1082/RAND_RR1082.pdf
- *Grifka, A., Davis, L., Klauberg, W., Peeples, H., Moore, A., Hylton, K., & Klahr, A., (2018). 2017 Workplace and gender relations survey of reserve component members: DoD overview report (OPA Report No. 2018-026). Office of People Analytics. https://sapr.mil/public/docs/reports/FY17_Annual/Annex_2_Workplace_and_Gender_Relations_Survey_of_Reserve_Component_Members.pdf.
- Hargrave, A. S., Maguen, S., Inslicht, S. S., Byers, A. L., Seal, K. H., Huang, A. J., & Gibson, C. J. (2022). Veterans health administration screening for military sexual trauma may not capture over half of cases among midlife women veterans. Women’s Health Issues, 32(5), 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2022.06.002
- Independent Review Commission on Sexual Assault in the Military. (2021). Hard truths and the duty to change: Recommendations from the independent review commission on sexual assault in the military. Ocotillo Press.
- *Inspector General of the Department of Defense. (2004). Evaluation of sexual assault, reprisal, and related leadership challenges at the United States Air Force Academy (Report Number IP02004C003). Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Oct/19/2002053445/-1/-1/1/IPO2004C003-REPORT%20(SECURED).PDF
- *Inspector General of the Department of Defense. (2013). Evaluation of the military criminal investigative organizations sexual assault investigations (Report No. DODIG-2013-091). Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA581038.pdf
- Jacobson, I. G., Williams, E. C., Seelig, A. D., Littman, A. J., Maynard, C. C., Bricker, J. B., Rull, R. P., & Boyko, E. J. (2020). Longitudinal investigation of military-specific factors associated with continued unhealthy alcohol use among a large US military cohort. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14(4), e53–e63. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000596
- Johnson, S. M., Murphy, M. J., & Gidycz, C. A. (2017). Reliability and validity of the sexual experiences survey-short forms victimization and perpetration. Violence and Victims, 32(1), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00110
- Jones, B. S., Holtzman, E., Hillman, E. L., Jones Barbara S., Holtzman, E., Hillman, E. L., Dunn, M. E., Fernandez, M., Houck, J. W., Bryant, H., McGuire, C. L., & O’Grady Cook, H. (2014). Report of the response systems to adult sexual assault crimes panel. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3064696
- *Klahr, A. M., & Davis, L. (2019). 2018 Service Academy gender relations survey (2018 SAGR): The role of alcohol use in unwanted sexual contact (OPA Report No. 2019-030). Office of People Analytics; 2019. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1072549.pdf
- Koss, M. P., Abbey, A., Campbell, R., Cook, S., Norris, J., Testa, M., Ullman, S., West, C., & White, J. (2007). Revising the SES: A collaborative process to improve assessment of sexual aggression and victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00385.x
- Kwan, J., Sparrow, K., Facer-Irwin, E., Thandi, G., Fear, N. T., & MacManus, D. (2020). Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetration among military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 53, 101419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101419
- *Lipari, R. N., & Cook, P. (2006). 2006 Service Academy gender relations survey: Tabulations of responses (DMDC Report No. 2006-015). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA531591.pdf
- *Lipari, R. N., Cook, P. J., Rock, L. M., & Matos, K. (2008). 2006 Gender relations survey of active duty members (DMDC Report No. 2007-022). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/research/WGRA_OverviewReport.pdf
- McCauley, J. L., & Calhoun, K. S. (2008). Faulty perceptions? The impact of binge drinking history on college women’s perceived rape resistance efficacy. Addictive Behaviors, 33(12), 1540–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.07.009
- McKie, R. M., Sternin, S., Kilimnik, C. D., Levere, D. D., Humphreys, T. P., Reesor, A., & Reissing, E. D. (2021). Nonconsensual sexual experience histories of incarcerated men: A mixed methods approach. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 0306624X2110655. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X211065584
- Meadows, S. O., Engel, C. C., Collins, R. L., Beckman, R. L., Cefalu, M., Hawes-Dawson, J., Doyle, M., Kress, A. M., Sontag-Padilla, L., Ramchand, R., & Williams, K. M. (2018). 2015 Department of Defense Health Related Behaviors Survey (HRBS). RAND Health Q, 8(2), 5.
- Meadows, S. O., Engel, C. C., Collins, R. L., Beckman, R. L., Breslau, J., Bloom, E. L., Dunbar, M. S., Gilbert, M., Grant, D., Dawson, J. H., Holliday, S. B., MacCarthy, S., Pedersen, E. R., Robbins, M. W., Rose, A. J., Ryan, J., Schell, T. L., & Simmons, M. M. (2021). 2018 Department of Defense Health Related Behaviors Survey (HRBS): Results for the active component (RR-4222-OSD, 2021). RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR4222.html
- Messman-Moore, T. L., Ward, R. M., & Brown, A. L. (2009). Substance use and PTSD symptoms impact the likelihood of rape and revictimization in college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(3), 499–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508317199
- *Miller, L. L., Keller, K. M., Wagner, L., Marcellino, W., Donohue, A. G., Greathouse, S. M., Matthews, M., & Ayer, L. (2018). Air Force sexual assault situations, settings, and offender behaviors. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1500/RR1589/RAND_RR1589.pdf
- Monks, S. M., Tomaka, J., Palacios, R., & Thompson, S. E. (2010). Sexual victimization in female and male college students: Examining the roles of alcohol use, alcohol expectancies, and sexual sensation seeking. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(13), 2258–2280. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826081003694854
- Morral, A. R., Gore, K. L., & Schell, T. L. (Eds.). (2014). Sexual assault and sexual harassment in the U.S. Military. Volume 1. Design of the 2014 RAND Military Workplace Study. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR870z1/RAND_RR870z1.pdf
- *Morral, A. R., Gore, K. L., & Schell, T. L. (2015a). Sexual assault and sexual harassment in the U.S. Military. Volume 2. Estimates for Department of Defense Service Members from the 2014 RAND Military Workplace Study. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR870z2-1/RAND_RR870z2-1.pdf
- *Morral, A. R., Gore, K. L., & Schell, T. L. (2015b). Sexual assault and sexual harassment in the U.S. Military: Annex to volume 2. Tabular results from the 2014 RAND Military Workplace Study for Department of Defense Service Members. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR870z3/RAND_RR870z3.pdf
- *Morral, A. R., Gore, K. L., & Schell, T. L. (2015c). Sexual assault and sexual harassment in the U.S. Military: Volume 3. Estimates for Coast Guard service members from the 2014 RAND Military Workplace Study. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR870z4/RAND_RR870z4.pdf
- *Morral, A. R., Gore, K. L., & Schell, T. L. (2015d). Sexual assault and sexual harassment in the U.S. Military: Annex to Volume 3. Tabular results from the 2014 RAND Military Workplace Study for Coast Guard Service Members. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR870z5/RAND_RR870z5.pdf
- Morral, A. R., Matthews, M., Cefalu, M., Schell, T. L., & Cottrell, L. (2021). Effects of sexual assault and sexual harassment on separation from the U.S. Military: Findings from the 2014 RAND military workplace study. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR870z10.html
- Newins, A. R., Wilson, L. C., & Kanefsky, R. (2021). Does sexual orientation moderate the relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and mental health outcomes following sexual assault? Psychology and Sexuality, 12(1-2), 115–128.
- *Office of People Analytics. (2019). 2018 Workplace and gender relations survey of the active duty military: Results and trends (OPA Report No. 2019-024). Office of People Analytics. https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/api/download?fileName=WGRA1801_ResultsandTrends_2019-024.pdf&groupName=pubGenderActive
- Parkhill, M. R., & Abbey, A. (2008). Does alcohol contribute to the confluence model of sexual assault perpetration? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(6), 529–554. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.6.529
- Parr, N. J., Young, S., Ward, R., & Mackey, K. (2021). Evidence brief: Prevalence of interpersonal partner violence/sexual assault among veterans. Evidence Synthesis Program, Health Services Research and Development Service, Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs. VA ESP Project #09-199.
- Pegram, S. E., & Abbey, A. (2019). Associations between sexual assault severity and psychological and physical health outcomes: Similarities and differences among African American and Caucasian Survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(19), 4020–4040. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516673626
- *Rock, L. M. (2013). 2012 Workplace and gender relations survey of active duty members: Survey note and briefing (DMDC Note 2013-007). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA575623.pdf
- *Rock, L. M., Lipari, L. N., Cook, P. J., & Hale, A. D. (2011). 2010 Workplace and gender relations survey of active duty members. Overview report on sexual harassment (DMDC Report No. 2011-023). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA541045.pdf
- *Rock, L. M., & Lipari, R. N. (2009). 2008 Gender relations survey of reserve component members (DMDC Report No. 2008-043). Defense Manpower Data Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA504471.pdf
- *Sadler, A. (1996). Sexual victimization and the military environment: Contributing factors, vocational, psychological, and medical sequelae. Veterans Administration Medical Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA328170.pdf
- *Sadler, A., Booth, B., & Cook, B. (1997). Sexual victimization and the military environment: Contributing factors, vocational, psychological, and medical sequelae. Veterans Administration Medical Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA345471.pdf.
- *Sadler, A. G., Booth, B. M., Cook, B. L., & Doebbeling, B. N. (2003). Factors associated with women’s risk of rape in the military environment. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43(3), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.10202
- Schumm, J. A., & Chard, K. M. (2012). Alcohol and stress in the military. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 34(4), 401–407.
- Suris, A., & Lind, L. (2008). Military sexual trauma, a review of prevalence and associated health consequences in veterans. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9(4), 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008324419
- *Thomas, P. J., & Le, S. K. (1996). Sexual harassment in the Marine Corps: Results of a 1994 survey. Navy Personnel Research and Development Center. NPRDC-TN-96-44. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA311382.pdf
- Ullman, S. E., & Najdowski, C. J. (2009). Revictimization as a moderator of psychosocial risk factors for problem drinking in female sexual assault survivors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.41
- *Van Winkle, E. P., Hurley, M., Creel, A., Severance, L., Klauberg, X., Luchman, J. N., Khun, J. L., Vega, R. P., Mann, M., Grifka, A., & Namrow, N. (2017). 2016 Service academy gender relations survey, overview report (OPA Report No. 2016-043). Office of People Analytics. https://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/reports/MSA/APY_15-16/Annex_1_2016_SAGR_Survey_Report_v2.pdf
- Wilson, L. C. (2018). The prevalence of military sexual trauma: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(5), 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016683459
- *Wright, J. L. (2013). Annual report on sexual harassment at the military service academies: Academic program year 2012–2013. Department of Defense Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office; 2013. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA591336.pdf