Advanced search
Publication Cover
European Journal of Psychotraumatology Volume 15, 2024 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
314
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research Article

The significant others’ responses to trauma scale (SORTS): applying factor analysis and item response theory to a measure of PTSD symptom accommodation

La escala para la respuesta de las personas significativas (SORTS): aplicación del análisis factorial y de la teoría de respuestas a ítems a una medición de la acomodación de los síntomas del TEPT

Johanna Thompson-Hollandsa Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA;b Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3011-8520View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Daniel J. Leea Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA;b Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7452-2990View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Elizabeth S. Allenc Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USAView further author information
,
Nicole D. Pukay-Martind Trauma Recovery Center, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5837-9282View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Sarah B. Campbelle VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA;f Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1303-8107View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Kathleen M. Chardd Trauma Recovery Center, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA;g Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-523XView further author information
ORCID Icon,
Keith D. Renshawh Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8452-3436View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Joel G. Sprungerg Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4057-2583View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Erica Birkleyg Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7686-1905View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Katherine A. Dondanvillei Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4204-7926View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Brett T. Litzb Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA;j Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiological Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA;k Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0479-8887View further author information
ORCID Icon,
David S. Riggsl Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology and Center for Deployment Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USAView further author information
,
Richard P. Schobitzm Department of Behavioral Health, Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA;n Commissioned Corps Headquarters, US Public Health Service, North Bethesda, MD, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5456-6400View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Jeffrey S. Yarviso Department of Behavioral Health, Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA;p Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6668-874XView further author information
ORCID Icon,
Stacey Young-McCaughani Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA;q Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3327-5233View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Terence M. Keanea Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA;b Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0482-3149View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Alan L. Petersoni Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA;q Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA;r Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-2936View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Candice M. Monsons Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, CanadaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-0788View further author information
ORCID Icon &
Steffany J. Fredmant Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2053-8700View further author information
ORCID Icon show all
Article: 2353530 | Received 23 Feb 2024, Accepted 29 Apr 2024, Published online: 05 Jun 2024

References

  • Allen, E., Renshaw, K., Fredman, S. J., Le, Y., Rhoades, G., Markman, H., & Litz, B. (2021). Associations between service members’ posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and partner accommodation over time. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(3), 596–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22645
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  • Amir, N., Freshman, M., & Foa, E. B. (2000). Family distress and involvement in relatives of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(3), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00032-8
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
  • Calvocoressi, L., Lewis, B., Harris, M., Trufan, S. J., Goodman, W. K., McDougle, C. J., & Price, L. H. (1995). Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(3), 441–443. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.3.441
  • Campbell, S. B., Renshaw, K. D., Kashdan, T. B., Curby, T. W., & Carter, S. P. (2017). A daily diary study of posttraumatic stress symptoms and romantic partner accommodation. Behavior Therapy, 48(2), 222–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.04.006
  • Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466
  • Fredman, S. J., Baucom, D. H., Miklowitz, D. J., & Stanton, S. E. (2008). Observed emotional involvement and overinvolvement in families of patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.71
  • Fredman, S. J., Chambless, D. L., & Steketee, G. (2004). Development and validation of an observational coding system for emotional overinvolvement. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(2), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.2.339
  • Fredman, S. J., Fischer, M. S., Baucom, D. H., Le, Y., Taverna, E. C., Chow, S.-M., Ram, N., & Marshall, A. D. (2023). PTSD symptom cluster severity predicts momentary emotion dynamics during couple conversations. Behavior Therapy, 54(2), 330–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.09.004
  • Fredman, S. J., Le, Y., Macdonald, A., Monson, C. M., Rhoades, G. K., Dondanville, K. A., Blount, T. H., Hall-Clark, B. N., Fina, B. A., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., Young-McCaughan, S., Jenkins, A. I. C., Yarvis, J. S., Keane, T. M., Peterson, A. L., & PTSD, for the C. to A. (2021). A closer examination of relational outcomes from a pilot study of abbreviated, intensive, multi-couple group cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD with military dyads. Family Process, 60(3), 712–726. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12654
  • Fredman, S. J., Le, Y., Renshaw, K. D., & Allen, E. S. (2022). Longitudinal associations among service members’ PTSD symptoms, partner accommodation, and partner distress. Behavior Therapy, 53(6), 1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.05.005
  • Fredman, S. J., Pukay-Martin, N. D., Macdonald, A., Wagner, A. C., Vorstenbosch, V., & Monson, C. M. (2016). Partner accommodation moderates treatment outcomes for couple therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000061
  • Fredman, S. J., Vorstenbosch, V., Wagner, A. C., Macdonald, A., & Monson, C. M. (2014). Partner accommodation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Initial testing of the Significant Others’ Responses to Trauma Scale (SORTS). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(4), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.001
  • Funk, J. L., & Rogge, R. D. (2007). Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(4), 572–583. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572
  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bryant, R. A. (2013). 636,120 ways to have posttraumatic stress disorder. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504115
  • Howard, K. P., Spoont, M. R., Polusny, M. A., Eftekhari, A., Rosen, C. S., & Meis, L. A. (2023). The role of symptom accommodation in trauma-focused treatment engagement and response. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 36(3), 524–536. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22912
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.90
  • Lebowitz, E. R., Panza, K. E., & Bloch, M. H. (2016). Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive and anxiety disorders: A five-year update. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 16(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2016.1126181
  • Meng, X., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.172
  • Merlo, L. J., Lehmkuhl, H. D., Geffken, G. R., & Storch, E. A. (2009). Decreased family accommodation associated with improved therapy outcome in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012652
  • Monson, C. M., & Fredman, S. J. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD: Harnessing the healing power of relationships. Guilford Press.
  • Monson, C. M., Fredman, S. J., & Dekel, R. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder in an interpersonal context. In J. G. Beck (Ed.), Interpersonal processes in the anxiety disorders: Implications for understanding psychopathology and treatment (pp. 179–208). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12084-007
  • Monson, C. M., Fredman, S. J., Macdonald, A., Pukay-Martin, N. D., Resick, P. A., & Schnurr, P. P. (2012). Effect of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 308(7), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.9307
  • Moshier, S. J., Lee, D. J., Bovin, M. J., Gauthier, G., Zax, A., Rosen, R. C., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2019). An empirical crosswalk for the PTSD checklist: Translating DSM-IV to DSM-5 using a veteran sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(5), 799–805. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22438
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). MPlus (Version 7) [Computer software]. https://www.statmodel.com/.
  • Olatunji, B. O., Ciesielski, B. G., & Tolin, D. F. (2010). Fear and loathing: A meta-analytic review of the specificity of anger in PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 41(1), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.01.004
  • Pukay-Martin, N. D., Fredman, S. J., Martin, C. E., Le, Y., Haney, A., Sullivan, C., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2022). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral conjoint therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a U.S. Veterans Affairs PTSD clinic. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 35(2), 644–658. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22781
  • Pukay-Martin, N. D., Torbit, L., Wanklyn, S. G., Shnaider, P., Lane, J. E., & Monson, C. M. (2015). An uncontrolled trial of a present-focused cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22166
  • Reise, S. P., Ainsworth, A. T., & Haviland, M. G. (2005). Item response theory: Fundamentals, applications, and promise in psychological research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00342.x
  • Renshaw, K. D., Allen, E. S., Fredman, S. J., Giff, S. T., & Kern, C. (2020). Partners’ motivations for accommodating posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in service members: The reasons for accommodation of PTSD scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102199
  • Reuman, L., & Thompson-Hollands, J. (2020). Family accommodation in PTSD: Proposed considerations and distinctions from the established transdiagnostic literature. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 30(4), 453–464. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12375
  • Rotunda, R. J., West, L., & O’Farrell, T. J. (2004). Enabling behavior in a clinical sample of alcohol-dependent clients and their partners. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26(4), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2004.01.007
  • Taft, C. T., Creech, S. K., & Murphy, C. M. (2017). Anger and aggression in PTSD. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.11.008
  • Thompson-Hollands, J., Kerns, C. E., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014). Parental accommodation of child anxiety and related symptoms: Range, impact, and correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(8), 765–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.007
  • Thompson-Hollands, J., Lee, D. J., & Sloan, D. M. (2021). The use of a brief family intervention to reduce dropout among veterans in individual trauma-focused treatment: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(4), 829–839. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22680
  • Weathers, F. W., Litz, B., Herman, D. S., Huska, J., & Keane, T. M. (1993, October). The PTSD checklist: Reliability, validity, & diagnostic utility. Annual meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies.
  • Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). www.ptsd.va.gov.
  • Weber, D. M., Fischer, M. S., Baucom, D. H., Baucom, B. R. W., Kirby, J. S., Runfola, C. D., Matherne, C. E., & Bulik, C. M. (2019). The association between symptom accommodation and emotional coregulation in couples with binge eating disorder. Family Process, 58(4), 920–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12391
  • Wilkins, K. C., Lang, A. J., & Norman, S. B. (2011). Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depression and Anxiety, 28(7), 596–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20837
  • Wirth, R. J., & Edwards, M. C. (2007). Item factor analysis: Current approaches and future directions. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 58–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.58

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.