References
- Attanayake, V., McKay, R., Joffres, M., Singh, S., Burkle, F., Jr., & Mills, E. (2009). Prevalence of mental disorders among children exposed to war: A systematic review of 7,920 children. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 25(1), 1–15.
- Barajas-Gonzalez, R. G., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2014). Income, neighborhood stressors, and harsh parenting: Test of moderation by ethnicity, age, and gender. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(6), 855–866.
- Bergman, L. R, & Magnusson, D. (1997). A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 9(2), 291–319.
- Besser, A., & Neria, Y. (2010). The effects of insecure attachment orientations and perceived social support on posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms among civilians exposed to the 2009 Israel–Gaza war: A follow-up Cross-Lagged panel design study. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(3), 335–341.
- Betancourt, T. S., Meyers-Ohki, S., Stulac, S. N., Barrera, A. E., Mushashi, C., & Beardslee, W. R. (2011). Nothing can defeat combined hands (Abashize hamwe ntakibananira): Protective processes and resilience in Rwandan children and families affected by HIV/AIDS. Social Science & Medicine, 73(5), 693–701.
- Betancourt, T. S., Meyers-Ohki, S. E., Charrow, A. P., & Tol, W. A. (2013). Interventions for children affected by war: An ecological perspective on psychosocial support and mental health care. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 21(2), 70–91.
- Birleson, P., Hudson, I., Grey-Buchanan, D., & Wolff, S. (1987). Clinical evaluation of a self-rating scale for depressive disorder in childhood (depression self-rating scale). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 43–60.
- Blass, R. B., & Blatt, S. J. (1992). Attachment and separateness. A theoretical context for the integration of object relations theory with self psychology. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 47, 189–203.
- Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). New York: Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base. Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
- Bryant, R. A. (2016). Social attachments and traumatic stress. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 29065.
- Cohen, E., Zerach, G., & Solomon, Z. (2011). The implication of combat-induced stress reaction, PTSD, and attachment in parenting among war veterans. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 688–698.
- Coyne, J. C., Downey, G., & Boergers, J. (1992). Depression in families: A systems perspective. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental perspectives on depression: Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology (pp. 211–249). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester.
- Crittenden, P. M., & Dallos, R. (2009). All in the family: Integrating attachment and family systems theories. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14(3), 389–409.
- Cummings, E. M., Merrilees, C. E., Schermerhorn, A. C., Goeke-Morey, M. C., Shirlow, P., & Cairns, E. (2011). Longitudinal pathways between political violence and child adjustment: The role of emotional security about the community in Northern Ireland. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(2), 213–224.
- Cummings, E. M., Taylor, L. K., Merrilees, C. E., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Shirlow, P. (2016). Emotional insecurity in the family and community and youth delinquency in Northern Ireland: A person-oriented analysis across five waves. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(1), 47–54.
- Daud, A., Skoglund, E., & Rydelius, P.-A. (2005). Children in families of torture victims: Transgenerational transmission of parents’ traumatic experiences to their children. International Journal of Social Welfare, 14(1), 23–32.
- Davies, P. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). Toward an integration of family systems and developmental psychopathology approaches. Development and Psychopathology, 16(3), 477–481.
- De Haene, L, Grietens, H, & Verschueren, K. (2010). Adult attachment in the context of refugee traumatisation: the impact of organized violence and forced separation on parental states of mind regarding attachment. Attachment & Human Development, 12(3), 249-264.
- Dekel, R., & Monson, C. M. (2010). Military-related post-traumatic stress disorder and family relations: Current knowledge and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(4), 303–309.
- Dubow, E. F., Boxer, P., Huesmann, L. R., Shikaki, K., Landau, S., Gvirsman, S. D., & Ginges, J. (2009). Exposure to conflict and violence across contexts: Relations to adjustment among Palestinian children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(1), 103–116.
- Dunn, J., Slomkowski, C., & Beardsall, L. (1994). Sibling relationships from the preschool period through middle childhood and early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 315–324.
- Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Raundalen, M. (2002). Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(1), 59–68.
- Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 38, 319–345.
- Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (2003). Cognitive predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in children: Results of a prospective longitudinal study. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 41, 1–10.
- Ein-Dor, T., Doron, G., Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2010). Together in pain: Attachment-related dyadic processes and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(3), 317–327.
- Feldman, R., Vengrober, A., Eidelman-Rothman, M., & Zagoory-Sharon, O. (2013). Stress reactivity in war-exposed young children with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: Relations to maternal stress hormones, parenting, and child emotionality and regulation. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4pt1), 943–955.
- Finnegan, R. A, Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (1996). Preoccupied and avoidant coping during middle childhood. Child Development, 67(4), 1318-1328.
- Flykt, M., Kanninen, K., Sinkkonen, J., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2010). Maternal depression and dyadic interaction: The role of maternal attachment style. Infant and Child Development, 19, 530–550.
- Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 303–314.
- Fossion, P., Leys, C., Vandeleur, C., Kempenaers, C., Braun, S., Verbanck, P., & Linkowski, P. (2015). Transgenerational transmission of trauma in families of Holocaust survivors: The consequences of extreme family functioning on resilience, sense of coherence, anxiety and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 48–53.
- Freedman, S. A., Gilad, M., Ankri, Y., Roziner, I., & Shalev, A. Y. (2015). Social relationship satisfaction and PTSD: Which is the chicken and which is the egg? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 28864.
- Frewen, P., Brown, M., DePierro, J., D’Andrea, W., & Schore, A. (2015). Assessing the family dynamics of childhood maltreatment history with the Childhood Attachment and Relational Trauma Screen (CARTS). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 27792.
- Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586.
- Huemer, J., Nelson, K., Karnik, N., Völkl-Kernstock, S., Seidel, S., Ebner, N., … Skala, K. (2016). Emotional expressiveness and avoidance in narratives of unaccompanied refugee minors. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 29163.
- Johnson, V. K. (2010). From early childhood to adolescence: Linking family functioning and school behavior. Family Relations, 59(3), 313–325.
- Kerig, P. K. (2005). Revisiting the construct of boundary dissolution. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5, 5–42.
- Kerns, K. A., Klepac, L., & Cole, A. K. (1996). Peer relationships and preadolescents’ perceptions of security in the child-mother relationship. Developmental Psychology, 32(3), 457–466.
- Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., Aspelmeier, J. E., & Contreras, J. M. (2000). Attachment-based assessments of parent–Child relationships in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 614–626.
- Khamis, V. (2000). Child psychological maltreatment in palestinian families. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(8), 1047–1059.
- Lambert, J. E., Holzer, J., & Hasbun, A. (2014). Association between parents’ PTSD severity and children’s psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(1), 9–17.
- Lieberman, A. F. (2003). The treatment of attachment disorder in infancy and early childhood: reflections from clinical intervention with later-adopted foster care children. Attachment & Human Development, 5(3), 279–282.
- Lindblom, J., Flykt, M., Tolvanen, A., Vänskä, M., Tiitinen, A., Tulppala, M., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2014). Dynamic family system trajectories from pregnancy to child’s first year. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(4), 796–807.
- Lindblom, J., Vänskä, M., Flykt, M., Tolvanen, A., Tiitinen, A., Tulppala, M., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2017). From early family systems to internalizing symptoms: The role of emotion regulation and peer relations. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(3), 316–326.
- Masten, A. S., & Monn, A. R. (2015). Child and family resilience: A call for integrated science, practice, and professional training. Family Relations, 64(1), 5–21.
- Meiser-Stedman, R. (2002). Towards a cognitive-behavioral model of PTSD in children and adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(4), 217–232.
- Meiser‐Stedman, R., Smith, P., Bryant, R., Salmon, K., Yule, W., Dalgleish, T., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2009). Development and validation of the Child Post‐Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 432–440.
- Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Montgomery, E. (2004). Tortured families: A coordinated management of meaning analysis. Family Process, 43(3), 349–371.
- Montgomery, E. (2011). Trauma, exile and mental health in young refugees. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavica, Suppl(440), 1–46.
- Montgomery, E., & Foldspang, A. (2005). Seeking asylum in Denmark: Refugee children’s mental health and exposure to violence. European Journal of Public Health, 15(3), 233–237.
- Olson, D. (2000). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Journal of Family Systems, 22, 144–167.
- Pallini, S., Baiocco, R., Schneider, B. H., Madigan, S., & Atkinson, L. (2014). Early child-parent attachment and peer relations: A meta-analysis of recent research. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(1), 118–123.
- Pemberton, J. R., Kramer, T. L., Borrego, J., Jr., & Owen, R. R. (2013). Kids at the VA? A call for evidence-based parenting interventions for returning veterans. Psychological Services, 10(2), 194–202.
- Punamäki, R. L. (2014). Mental health and development among children living in violent conditions: Underlying mechanisms for promoting peace. In P. Britto, J. F. Leckman, C. Panter–Brick, & R. Salah (Eds.), Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families. strüngmann forum reports (Vol. 15). J Lupp, series ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Punamäki, R.-L., Qouta, S., El Sarraj, E., & Montgomery, E. (2006). Psychological distress and resources among siblings and parents exposed to traumatic events. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 385–397.
- Qouta, S., Punamäki, R.-L., Miller, T., & El Sarraj, E. (2008). Does war beget child aggression? Military violence, gender, age and aggressive behavior in two Palestinian samples. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 231–244.
- Qouta, S. R., Palosaari, E., Diab, M., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2012). Intervention effectiveness among war affected children: A cluster randomized controlled trial on improving mental health. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 288–298.
- Riggs, S. A., & Riggs, D. S. (2011). Risk and resilience in military families experiencing deployment: The role of the family attachment network. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 675–687.
- Scheeringa, M. S., & Zeanah, C. H. (2001). A relational perspective on PTSD in early childhood. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), 799–815.
- Schierholz, A., Kruger, A., Barenbrugge, J., & Ehring, T. (2016). What mediates the link between childhood maltreatment and depression? The role of emotion dysregulation, attachment, and attributional style. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 32652.
- Schnyder, U., Ehlers, A., Elbert, T., Foa, E. B., Gersons, B. P., Resick, P. A., … Cloitre, M. (2015). Psychotherapies for PTSD: What do they have in common? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 28186.
- Sturge-Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., & Fittoria, M. G. (2014). A typology of interpartner conflict and maternal parenting practices in high-risk families: Examining spillover and compensatory models and implications for child adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 26(4 Pt 1), 983–998.
- Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
- Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2011). Frontiers in translational research on trauma. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 353–355.
- Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 122–138.
- Turunen, T., Haravuori, H., Punamaki, R. L., Suomalainen, L., & Marttunen, M. (2014). The role of attachment in recovery after a school-shooting trauma. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 22728.
- UN. (2009). Human rights in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories: Report of the United Nations fact-finding mission on the Gaza conflict. New York, NY: UN General Assembly. Retrieved from http://www2.ohchrorg/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf
- UN-OCHA. (2009). Locked in: the humanitarian impact of the two year blockade on the gaza strip. East Jerusalem, UN: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory.
- Van Ee, E., Kleber, R. J., Jongmans, M. J., Mooren, T. T., & Out, D. (2016). Parental PTSD, adverse parenting and child attachment in a refugee sample. Attachment & Human Development, 18(3), 273–291.
- Van IJzendoorn, M, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1996). Attachment representations in mothers, fathers, adolescents, and clinical groups: a meta-analytic search for normative data. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 8–14.
- Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2003). Are children of Holocaust survivors less well-adapted? A meta-analytic investigation of secondary traumatization. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(5), 459–469.
- Walsh, F. (2007). Traumatic loss and major disasters: strengthening family and community resilience. Family Process, 46(2), 207–227.
- Yehuda, R., & Bierer, L. M. (2008). Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk. Progress in Brain Research, 167, 121–135.
- Zerach, G., Greene, T., Ein-Dor, T., & Solomon, Z. (2012). The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and paternal parenting of adult children among ex-prisoners of war: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(2), 274–284.