4,037
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Research Article

Danger- and non-danger-based stressors and their relations to posttraumatic deprecation or growth in Norwegian veterans deployed to Afghanistan

派遣至阿富汗的挪威退伍军人中危险和非危险应激源及其与创伤后损伤或成长的关系

Estresores basados en peligro y estresores no basados en peligro y sus relaciones con declive postraumático o crecimiento postraumático en veteranos noruegos desplazados a Afganistán

ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon &
Article: 1601989 | Received 01 Dec 2018, Accepted 14 Mar 2019, Published online: 29 Apr 2019

References

  • Armeli, S., Gunthert, K. C., & Cohen, L. H. (2001). Stressor appraisals, coping, and post-event outcomes: The dimensionality and antecedents of stress-related growth. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(3), 366–12.
  • Başoğlu, M., Livanou, M., Crnobarić, C., Frančišković, T., Suljić, E., Đurić, D., & Vranešić, M. (2005). Psychiatric and cognitive effects of war in former Yugoslavia: Association of lack of redress for trauma and posttraumatic stress reactions. JAMA, 294(5), 580–590.
  • Bastien, C. H., Vallières, A., & Morin, C. M. (2001). Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, 2(4), 297–307.
  • Breslau, N., & Davis, G. C. (1987). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The etiologic specificity of wartime stressors. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 44:578–583.
  • Carson, M. A., Paulus, L. A., Lasko, N. B., Metzger, L. J., Wolfe, J., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (2000). Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam nurse veterans who witnessed injury or death. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 890.
  • Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006). The precuneus: A review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain, 129(3), 564–583.
  • Cheng, C., Wong, W.-M., & Tsang, K. W. (2006). Perceptions of benefit and costs during SARS outbreack: An 18-month prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 870–879.
  • Coakes, S. J. (2005). SPPS version 12.0 for windows: Analysis without anguish. Version. Milton, Queensland Australia: John Wiley & SonsAustralia.
  • Dekel, S., Ein-Dor, T., & Solomon, Z. (2012). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic distress: A longitudinal study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 4, 94–101.
  • DeViva, J. C., Sheerin, C. M., Southwick, S. M., Roy, A. M., Pietrzak, R. H., & Harpaz-Rotem, I. (2016). Correlates of VA mental health treatment utilization among OEF/OIF/OND veterans: Resilience, stigma, social support, personality, and beliefs about treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 310.
  • Dixon, P. (1998). Why scientists value p values. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(3), 390–396.
  • Dryden, A. E. (2012). The effects of combat exposure on post-deployment coping deficits in OEF/OIF/OND veterans (Doctoral dissertation). United States, US: Virginia Consortium for Professional Psychology. Old Dominion University.
  • Everly, G. S., & Mitchell, J. T. (2000). The debriefing “controversy” and crisis intervention: A review of lexical and substantive issues. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2(4), 211–226.
  • Figueiredo Filho, D. B., Júnior, J. A. S., & Rocha, E. C. (2011). What is R2 all about? Leviathan (São Paulo), (3), 60–68.
  • Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R., & Brett, E. (1992). War zone traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 748-755.
  • Frazier, P., Conlon, A., & Glaser, T. (2001). Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 1048.
  • Gray, M. J., Schorr, Y., Nash, W., Lebowitz, L., Amidon, A., Lansing, A., … Litz, B. T. (2012). Adaptive disclosure: An open trial of a novel exposure-based intervention for service members with combat-related psychological stress injuries. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 407–415.
  • Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., Gleser, G. C., & Leonard, A. (1990). Risk factors for PTSD and other diagnoses in a general sample of Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 729–733.
  • Guay, S., Billette, V., & Marchand, A. (2006). Exploring the links between posttraumatic stress disorder and social support: Processes and potential research avenues. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 19(3), 327–338.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Fourth ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
  • Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 797.
  • Holen, A., Sund, A., & Weisæth, L. (1983). Alexander L. Kielland - katastrofen 27, mars 1980 [The Alexander L. Kielland disaster March 27, 1980]. Unpublished manuscript, Division for Disaster Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Norway.
  • Holgersen, K. H., Boe, H. J., & Holen, A. (2010). Long‐term perspectives on posttraumatic growth in disaster survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(3), 413–416.
  • Jordan, A. H., Eisen, E., Bolton, E., Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2017). Distinguishing war-related PTSD resulting from perpetration-and betrayal-based morally injurious events. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(6), 627.
  • Karanci, N. A., & Acarturk, C. (2005). Post-traumatic growth among marmara earthquake survivors involved in disaster preparedness as volunteers. Traumatology, 11(4), 307.
  • Kobayashi, I., Boarts, J. M., & Delahanty, D. L. (2007). Polysomnographically measured sleep abnormalities in PTSD: A meta‐analytic review. Psychophysiology, 44(4), 660–669.
  • Lepore, S. J., & Revenson, T. A. (2006). Resilience and posttraumatic growth: Recovery, resistance, and reconfiguration (pp. 24–46). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 17(1), 11–21.
  • Litz, B. T., Lebowitz, L., Gray, M. J., & Nash, W. P. (2017). Adaptive disclosure: A new treatment for military trauma, loss, and moral injury. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
  • Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706.
  • Livneh, H., McMahon, B. T., & Rumrill, P. D. (2018). The duality of human experience: Perspectives from psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability—empirical observations and conceptual issues. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 62(2), 78–93. 0034355218800802.
  • Maguen, S., Vogt, D. S., King, L. A., King, D. W., & Litz, B. T. (2006). Posttraumatic growth among Gulf War I veterans: The predictive role of deployment-related experiences and background characteristics. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11(5), 373–388.
  • Marshall, E. M., Frazier, P., Frankfurt, S., & Kuijer, R. G. (2015). Trajectories of posttraumatic growth and depreciation after two major earthquakes. Psychological trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7, 112–121.
  • Möller-Leimkühler, A. M. (2002). Barriers to help-seeking by men: A review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71(1–3), 1–9.
  • Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011). The insomnia severity index: Psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep, 34(5), 601–608.
  • Mykletun, A., Stordal, E., & Dahl, A. A. (2001). Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: Factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179(6), 540–544.
  • Nash, W. P., Vasterling, J., Ewing-Cobbs, L., Horn, S., Gaskin, T., Golden, J., … Lester, P. (2010). Consensus recommendations for common data elements for operational stress research and surveillance: Report of a federal interagency working group. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1673–1683.
  • Nordstrand, A. E., Hjemdal, O., Holen, A., Reichelt, J. G., & Bøe, H. J. (2017). Measuring Psychological change after trauma: Psychometric properties of a new bi-directional scale. Psychological trauma: Theory, research, practice and policy, 9(6), 696.
  • Norrholm, S. D., & Jovanovic, T. (2010). Tailoring therapeutic strategies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 6, 517.
  • Norris, F. H. (1990). Screening for traumatic stress: A scale for use in the general population. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(20), 1704–1715.
  • Norris, F. H. (1992). Epidemiology of trauma: Frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 409.
  • Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 52.
  • Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress‐related growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), 71–105.
  • Park, C. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2006). Introduction to the special section: Growth following highly stressful life events–Current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 791.
  • Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2009). Perceived stigma and barriers to mental health care utilization among OEF-OIF veterans. Psychiatric Services, 60(8), 1118–1122.
  • Pietrzak, R. H., Whealin, J. M., Stotzer, R. L., Goldstein, M. B., & Southwick, S. M. (2011). An examination of the relation between combat experiences and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of Connecticut OEF–OIF Veterans. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(12), 1579–1584.
  • Ramage, A. E., Litz, B. T., Resick, P. A., Woolsey, M. D., Dondanville, K. A., & Young-McCaughan, S., the STRONG STAR Consortium. (2015). Regional cerebral glucose metabolism differentiates danger- and non-danger-based traumas in post-traumatic stress disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11 (2), 234–242.
  • Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Armstrong, D. (2010). Trauma type and posttrauma outcomes: Differences between survivors of motor vehicle accidents, sexual assault, and bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 15(2), 69–82.
  • Shea, M. T., Presseau, C., Finley, S. L., Reddy, M. K., & Spofford, C. (2017). Different types of combat experiences and associated symptoms in OEF and OIF national guard and reserve veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(S1), 19.
  • Steenkamp, M. M., Litz, B. T., Hoge, C. W., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Psychotherapy for military-related PTSD: A review of randomized clinical trials. JAMA, 314(5), 489–500.
  • Stein, N. R., Mills, M. A., Arditte, K., Mendoza, C., Borah, A. M., & Resick, P. A., the STRONG STAR Consortium. (2012). A scheme for categorizing traumatic military events. Behavior Modification, 36 (6), 787–807.
  • Stevens, J. (ed.). (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Taylor, S. E., & Armor, D. A. (1996). Positive illusions and coping with adversity. Journal of Personality, 64, 673–898.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth PTCS: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & McNally, R. J. (2011). Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat veterans? American Psychologist, 66(1), 19.
  • Ullman, S. E., & Filipas, H. H. (2001). Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual assault victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(2), 369–389.
  • Valentiner, D. P., Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1994). Social support, appraisals of event controllability, and coping: An integrative model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(6), 1094.
  • Vishnevsky, T., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., & Demakis, G. J. (2010). Gender differences in self‐reported posttraumatic growth: A meta‐analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 110–120.
  • Vogt, D. S., Proctor, S. P., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Vasterling, J. J. (2008). Validation of scales from the deployment risk and resilience inventory in a sample of operation Iraqi freedom veterans. Assessment, 15, 391e403.
  • Xue, C., Ge, Y., Tang, B., Liu, Y., Kang, P., Wang, M., & Zhang, L. (2015). A meta-analysis of risk factors for combat-related PTSD among military personnel and veterans. PloS one, 10(3), e0120270.
  • Yehuda, R., Southwick, S. M., & Giller, E. L. (1992). Exposure to atrocities and severity of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(3), 333–336.
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.