References

• Acarturk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Gulen, B., & Cuijpers, P. (2016). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 46(12), 2583–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adenauer, H., Catani, C., Gola, H., Keil, J., Ruf, M., Schauer, M., & Neuner, F. (2011). Narrative exposure therapy for PTSD increases top-down processing of aversive stimuli – evidence from a randomized controlled treatment trial. BMC Neuroscience, 12(1), 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadi, K., Hazrati, M., Ahmadizadeh, M., & Noohi, S. (2015). REM desensitization as a new therapeutic method for post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 47(2), 111–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbarian, F., Bajoghli, H., Haghighi, M., Kalak, N., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2015). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy with respect to psychological symptoms and recovering autobiographical memory in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 395–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Asukai, N., Saito, A., Tsuruta, N., Kishimoto, J., & Nishikawa, T. (2010). Efficacy of exposure therapy for Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder due to mixed traumatic events: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(6), 744–750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. (2007). Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Melbourne, Victoria: ACPMH.
   Google Scholar
• Basoglu, M., Salcioglu, E., & Livanou, M. (2007). A randomized controlled study of single-session behavioural treatment of earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder using an earthquake simulator. Psychological Medicine, 37, 203–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basoglu, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M., Kalender, D., & Acar, G. (2005). Single session behavioural treatment of earthquake related posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomised waiting list controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(1), 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, J., Coffey, S. F., Foy, D. W., Keane, T. M., & Blanchard, E. B. (2009). Group cognitive behavior therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: An initial randomized pilot study. Behavior Therapy, 40, 82–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bichescu, D., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2007). Narrative exposure therapy for political imprisonment related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2212–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., & Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12(CD003388).
   Google Scholar
• Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, E., Hickling, E. J., Devineni, T., Veazey, C. H., Galovski, T. E., Mundy, E., & Buckley, T. C. (2003). A controlled evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress in motor vehicle accident survivors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(1), 79–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 214–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, R. A., McDonald, M. J., Grace, R., Detwiler, L., & Austin, K. (2014). A randomized clinical trial of Observed and Experiential Integration (OEI): A simple, innovative intervention for affect regulation in clients with PTSD. Traumatology Traumatology: An International Journal, 20, 161–171.
   Google Scholar
• Brom, D., Kleber, R., & Defares, P. (1989). Brief psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorders. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 57(5), 607–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R., Moulds, M. L., Guthrie, R. M., Dang, S. T., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2003). Imaginal exposure alone and imaginal exposure with cognitive restructuring in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 706–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A., Ekasawin, S., Chakrabhand, S., Suwanmitri, S., Duangchun, O., & Chantaluckwong, T. (2011). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of cognitive behavior therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder in terrorist‐affected people in Thailand. World Psychiatry, 10(3), 205–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhmann, C., Nordentoft, M., Ekstroem, M., Carlsson, J., & Mortensen, E. L. (2016). The effect of flexible cognitive-behavioural therapy and medical treatment, including antidepressants on post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in traumatised refugees: Pragmatic randomised controlled clinical trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 208, 252–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butollo, W., Karl, R., König, J., & Rosner, R. (2016). A randomized controlled clinical trial of dialogical exposure therapy versus cognitive processing therapy for adult outpatients suffering from PTSD after type I trauma in adulthood. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(1), 16–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capezzani, L., Ostacoli, L., Cavallo, M., Carletto, S., Fernandez, I., Solomon, R., … Cantelmi, T. (2013). EMDR and CBT for cancer patients: Comparative study of effects on PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7, 134–143.
   Google Scholar
• Carletto, S., Borghi, M., Bertino, G., Oliva, F., Cavallo, M., Hofmann, A., … Ostacoli, L. (2016). Treating post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and relaxation therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, J., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EDMR) treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 3–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo, D. T., Chee, C. L., Nason, E., Keller, J., C’de Baca, J., Qualls, C., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Group-delivered cognitive/exposure therapy for PTSD in women veterans: A randomized controlled trial. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 8, 404–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chard, K. M. (2005). An evaluation of cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1067–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., … Petkova, E. (2010). Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 915–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusack, K. J., Grubaugh, A. L., Knapp, R. G., & Frueh, B. C. (2006). Unrecognized trauma and PTSD among public mental health consumers with chronic and severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 42(5), 487–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devilly, G., Spence, S., & Rapee, R. (1998). Statistical and reliable change with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Treating trauma within a veteran population. Behavior Therapy, 29, 435–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devilly, G. J., & Spence, S. H. (1999). The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive-behavior trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1–2), 131–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMauro, J., Carter, S., Folk, J. B., & Kashdan, T. B. (2014). A historical review of trauma-related diagnoses to reconsider the heterogeneity of PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(8), 774–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Veltman, D. J., Draijer, N., & van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2014). Evidence-based treatment for adult women with child abuse-related complex PTSD: A quantitative review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 23613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., Smit, J. H., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Veltman, D. J., Hoogendoorn, A. W., & Draijer, N. (2012). Stabilizing group treatment for complex posttraumatic stress disorder related to child abuse based on psychoeducation and cognitive behavioural therapy: A multisite randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 81, 217–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., Smit, J. H., Veltman, D. J., Hoogendoorn, A. W., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & Draijer, N. (2013). Treatment compliance and effectiveness in complex PTSD patients with co-morbid personality disorder undergoing stabilizing cognitive behavioral group treatment: A preliminary study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(1), 21171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, M., Gillespie, K., & Clark, D. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 334, 1147–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne, R. L., Kenardy, J., & Sterling, M. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of PTSD in the context of chronic whiplash. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 28(9), 755–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeburua, E., De Corral, P., Zubizarreta, I., & Sarasua, B. (1997). Psychological treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of sexual aggression. Behavior Modification, 21, 433–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005). Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 413–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Wild, J., Liness, S., Albert, I., … Clark, D. M. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of 7-day intensive and standard weekly cognitive therapy for PTSD and emotion-focused supportive therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 294–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C., & Mayou, R. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(10), 1024–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falsetti, S., Resnick, H., & Davis, J. (2008). Multiple channel exposure therapy for women with PTSD and comorbid panic attacks. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 37, 117–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fecteau, G., & Nicki, R. (1999). Cognitive behavioural treatment of post traumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accident. Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27(3), 201–214.
   Google Scholar
• Feske, U. (2008). Treating low-income and minority women with posttraumatic stress disorder a pilot study comparing prolonged exposure and treatment as usual conducted by community therapists. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(8), 1027–1040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E., Dancu, C. V., Hembree, E. A., Jaycox, L. H., Meadows, E. A., & Street, G. P. (1999). A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E., Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., Rauch, S. A. M., Riggs, D. S., Feeny, N. C., & Yadin, E. (2005). Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 953–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(5), 715–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., McLean, C. P., Zang, Y., Rosenfield, D., Yadin, E., Yarvis, J. S., … Fina, B. A. (2018). Effect of prolonged exposure therapy delivered over 2 weeks vs 8 weeks vs present-centered therapy on PTSD symptom severity in military personnel: A randomized clinical trial. Jama, 319, 354–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonzo, G., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., … Etkin, A. (2017). PTSD psychotherapy outcome predicted by brain activation during emotional reactivity and regulation. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 1163–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, D., Lloyd, D., Nixon, R. D. V., Elliott, P., Varker, T., Perry, D., … Creamer, M. (2012). A multisite randomized controlled effectiveness trial of cognitive processing therapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 442–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. D., Chang, R., Levine, J., & Zhang, W. (2013). Randomized clinical trial comparing affect regulation and supportive group therapies for victimization-related PTSD with incarcerated women. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 262–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. D., Steinberg, K. L., & Zhang, W. (2011). A randomized clinical trial comparing affect regulation and social problem-solving psychotherapies for mothers with victimization-related PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 560–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galovski, T. E., Blain, L. M., Mott, J. M., Elwood, L., & Houle, T. (2012). Manualized therapy for PTSD: Flexing the structure of cognitive processing therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(6), 968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamito, P., Oliveira, J., Rosa, P., Morais, D., Duarte, N., Oliveira, S., & Saraiva, T. (2010). PTSD elderly war veterans: A clinical controlled pilot study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 13(1), 43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersons, B. P., Carlier, I. V., Lamberts, R. D., & Van der Kolk, B. A. (2000). Randomized clinical trial of brief eclectic psychotherapy for police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(2), 333–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRADE. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org
   Google Scholar
• Gray, R., Budden-Potts, D., & Bourke, F. (2017). Reconsolidation of traumatic memories for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial of 74 male veterans. Psychotherapy Research, 29(5), 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensel-Dittmann, D., Schauer, M., Ruf, M., Catani, C., Odenwald, M., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2011). Treatment of traumatized victims of war and torture: A randomized controlled comparison of narrative exposure therapy and stress inoculation training. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80(6), 345–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J., & Green, S. (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved from www.cochrane-handbook.org
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., … Sterne, J. A. C. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 343, d5928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, D., Chhean, D., Pich, V., Safren, S. A., Hofmann, S. G., & Pollack, M. H. (2005). A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for Cambodian refugees with treatment resistant PTSD and panic attacks: A cross over design. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 617–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, D. E., Hofmann, S. G., Rivera, E., Otto, M. W., & Pollack, M. H. (2011). Culturally adapted CBT (CA-CBT) for Latino women with treatment-resistant PTSD: A pilot study comparing CA-CBT to applied muscle relaxation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(4), 275–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogberg, G., Pagani, M., Sundin, O., Soares, J., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Tarnell, B., & Hallstrom, T. (2007). On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers – A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61(1), 54–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollifield, M., Sinclair-Lian, N., Warner, T. D., & Hammerschlag, R. (2007). Acupuncture for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(6), 504–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS). (2018). New ISTSS prevention and treatment guidelines [ Online]. Retrieved from http://www.istss.org/treating-trauma/new-istss-guidelines.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Ironson, G., Freund, B., Strauss, J. L., & Williams, J. (2002). Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 113–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivarsson, D., Blom, M., Hesser, H., Carlbring, P., Enderby, P., Nordberg, R., & Andersson, G. (2014). Guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions, 1, 33–40.
   Google Scholar
• Jacob, N., Neuner, F., Maedl, A., Schaal, S., & Elbert, T. (2014). Dissemination of psychotherapy for trauma spectrum disorders in postconflict settings: A randomized controlled trial in Rwanda. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 354–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. (1994). An investigation of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of vietnam combat veterans. Behavior Therapy, 25, 311–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D., Johnson, N. L., Perez, S. K., Palmieri, P. A., & Zlotnick, C. (2016). Comparison of adding treatment of PTSD during and after shelter stay to standard care in residents of battered women’s shelters: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 365–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. M., Zlotnick, C., & Perez, S. (2011). Cognitive behavioral treatment of PTSD in residents of battered women’s shelters: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas, D., Cusack, K., Forneris, C. A., Wilkins, T. M., Sonis, J., Middleton, J. C., … Olmsted, K. R. (2013). Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ( Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 92). US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
   Google Scholar
• Karatzias, T., Murphy, P., Cloitre, M., Bisson, J., Roberts, N., Shevlin, M., & Mason-Roberts, S. (2019). Psychological interventions for ICD-11 complex PTSD symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(11), 1761–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatzias, T., Power, K., Brown, K., McGoldrick, T., Begum, M., Young, J., … Adams, S. (2011). A controlled comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of two psychological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs. emotional freedom techniques. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 372–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, T., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., & Zimering, R. T. (1989). Implosive (flooding) therapy reduces symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Behavior Therapy, 20(2), 245–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(5), 4–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupnick, J. L., Green, B. L., Stockton, P., Miranda, J., Krause, E., & Mete, M. (2008). Group interpersonal psychotherapy for low-income women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy Research, 18(5), 497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubany, E., Hill, E., Owens, J., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M. A., Tremayne, K. J., & Williams, P. L. (2004). Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubany, E., Hill, E. E., & Owens, J. A. (2003). Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD: Preliminary findings. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laugharne, J., Kullack, C., Lee, C. W., McGuire, T., Brockman, S., Drummond, P. D., & Starkstein, S. (2016). Amygdala volumetric change following psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 28, 312–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C., Gavriel, H., Drummond, P., Richards, J., & Greenwald, R. (2002). Treatment of PTSD: Stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure compared to EMDR. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1071–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, C. E., Farewell, D., Groves, V., Kitchiner, N. J., Roberts, N. P., Vick, T., & Bisson, J. I. (2017). Internet‐based guided self‐help for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety, 34(6), 555–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littleton, H., Grills, A. E., Kline, K. D., Schoemann, A. M., & Dodd, J. C. (2016). The from survivor to thriver program: RCT of an online therapist-facilitated program for rape-related PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 43, 41–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litz, B. T., Engel, C. C., Bryant, R. A., & Papa, A. (2007). A randomized, controlled proof-of-concept trial of an Internet-based, therapist-assisted self-management treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1676–1683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, S., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1997). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34, 307–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz, J., Petkova, E., Neria, Y., Van Meter, P. E., Zhao, Y., Hembree, E., & Marshall, R. D. (2015). Is exposure necessary? A randomized clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 430–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, I., Lovell, K., Noshirvani, H., Livanou, M., & Thrasher, S. (1998). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(4), 317–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonagh, A., Friedman, M., McHugo, G., Ford, J., Sengupta, A., Mueser, K., … Descamps, M. (2005). Randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 515–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay, R., Baird, A., Webb-Murphy, J., Deal, W., Tran, L., Anson, H., … Johnston, S. (2017). A randomized, head-to-head study of virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 20, 218–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay, R., Wood, D. P., Webb-Murphy, J. A., Spira, J. L., Wiederhold, M. D., Pyne, J. M., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2011). A randomized, controlled trial of virtual reality-graded exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in active duty service members with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14, 223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson, C., Fredman, S. J., Macdonald, A., Pukay-Martin, N. D., Resick, P. A., & Schnurr, P. P. (2012, August 15). Effect of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 308(7), 714–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson, C., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 898–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morath, J., Moreno-Villanueva, M., Hamuni, G., Kolassa, S., Ruf-Leuschner, M., Schauer, M., & Kolassa, I.-T. (2014). Effects of psychotherapy on DNA strand break accumulation originating from traumatic stress. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 289–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., Xie, H., Jankowski, M. K., Bolton, E. E., Lu, W., … Wolfe, R. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 259–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, D., Ross, J., Busuttil, W., Greenberg, N., & Armour, C. (2019). A latent profile analysis of PTSD symptoms among UK treatment seeking veterans. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1558706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nacasch, N., Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Tzur, D., Fostick, L., Dinstein, Y., … Zohar, J. (2011). Prolonged exposure therapy for combat- and terror-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized control comparison with treatment as usual NCT00229372. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 1174–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care – National cost impact report. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder (NICE guideline NG116). Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116.
   Google Scholar
• Neuner, F., Kurreck, S., Ruf, M., Odenwald, M., Elbert, T., & Schauer, M. (2010). A randomized controlled pilot study can asylum seekers with posttraumatic stress disorder be successfully treated? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39(2), 81–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neuner, F., Onyut, P. L., Ertl, V., Odenwald, M., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, U., & Elbert, T. (2004). A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counselling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an African refugee settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 579–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijdam, M. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Reitsma, J. B., de Jongh, A., & Olff, M. (2012). Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(3), 224–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacella, M. L., Armelie, A., Boarts, J., Wagner, G., Jones, T., Feeny, N., & Delahanty, D. L. (2012). The impact of prolonged exposure on PTSD symptoms and associated psychopathology in people living with HIV: A randomized test of concept. AIDS and Behavior, 16(5), 1327–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paunovic, N. (2011). Exposure inhibition therapy as a treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A controlled pilot study. Psychology, 2(6), 605.
   Google Scholar
• Peniston, E. G., & Kulkosky, P. J. (1991). Alpha-theta brainwave neurofeedback for Vietnam veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical Psychotherapy, 4(1), 47–60.
   Google Scholar
• Power, K., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., Buchanan, R., Sharp, D., Swanson, V., & Karatzias, A. (2002). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring versus waiting list in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9, 229–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch, S., King, A. P., Abelson, J., Tuerk, P. W., Smith, E., Rothbaum, B. O., … Liberzon, I. (2015). Biological and symptom changes in posttraumatic stress disorder treatment: A randomized clinical trial. Depression and Anxiety, 32, 204–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ready, D. J., Gerardi, R. J., Backscheider, A. G., Mascaro, N., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2010). Comparing virtual reality exposure therapy to present centred therapy with 11 US Vietnam veterans with PTSD cyberpsychology. Behavior and Social Networking, 13(1), 49–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reger, G., Koenen-Woods, P., Zetocha, K., Smolenski, D. J., Holloway, K. M., Rothbaum, B. O., & Gahm, G. A. (2016). Randomized controlled trial of prolonged exposure using imaginal exposure vs. virtual reality exposure in active duty soldiers with deployment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 946–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 867–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Wachen, J. S., Dondanville, K. A., Pruiksma, K. E., Yarvis, J. S., Peterson, A. L., … Young-McCaughan, S. (2017). Effect of group vs individual cognitive processing therapy in active-duty military seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(1), 28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Wachen, J. S., Mintz, J., Young-McCaughan, S., Roache, J. D., Borah, A. M., & Peterson, A. L. (2015). A randomized clinical trial of group cognitive processing therapy compared with group present-centered therapy for PTSD among active duty military personnel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 1058–1068. Epub ahead of print.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RevMan. (2014). Review manager 5 (RevMan 5) [ Computer Program]. Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration.
   Google Scholar
• Rothbaum, B. (1997). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61(3), 317–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum, B., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 607–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sautter, F. J., Glynn, S. M., Cretu, J. B., Senturk, D., & Vaught, A. S. (2015). Efficacy of structured approach therapy in reducing PTSD in returning veterans: A randomized clinical trial. Psychological Services, 12(3), 199–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheck, M., Schaeffer, J. A., & Gillette, C. (1998). Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 25–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnurr, P., Friedman, M. J., Engel, C. C., Foa, E. B., Shea, M. T., Chow, B. K., … Bernardy, N. (2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women. JAMA, 297, 820–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnurr, P., Friedman, M. J., Foy, D. W., Shea, M. T., Hsieh, F. Y., Lavori, P. W., & Bernardy, N. C. (2003). Randomized trial of trauma-focused group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 481–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnyder, U., Müller, J., Maercker, A., & Wittmann, L. (2011). Brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 564–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, D., Marx, B. P., Bovin, M. J., Feinstein, B. A., & Gallagher, M. W. (2012). Written exposure as an intervention for PTSD: A randomized clinical trial with motor vehicle accident survivors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(10), 627–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, D., Marx, B. P., Lee, D. J., & Resick, P. A. (2018). A brief exposure-based treatment vs cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized noninferiority clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 75, 233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, J., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., Solley, K., Lorian, C., … Schwenke, G. (2011). Randomised controlled trial of internet delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 541–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenmark, H., Catani, C., Neuner, F., Elbert, T., & Holen, A. (2013). Treating PTSD in refugees and asylum seekers within the general health care system. A randomized controlled multicenter study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 641–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suris, A., Link-Malcolm, J., Chard, K., Ahn, C., & North, C. (2013). A randomized clinical trial of cognitive processing therapy for veterans with PTSD related to military sexual trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 28–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S., Thordarson, D. S., Maxfield, L., Fedoroff, I. C., Lovell, K., & Ogrodniczuk, J. (2003). Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 330–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylee, D. S., Gray, R., Glatt, S. J., & Bourke, F. (2017). Evaluation of the reconsolidation of traumatic memories protocol for the treatment of PTSD: A randomized, wait-list-controlled trial. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 3(1), 21–33.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Veterans Affairs. (2017, June). VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. Retrieved from https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/ptsd/VADoDPTSDCPGClinicianSummaryFinal.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, K., Armstrong, M. S., Gold, R., O’Connor, N., Jenneke, W., & Tarrier, N. (1994). A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 283–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, B. V., Schnurr, P. P., Mayo, L., Young-Xu, Y., Weeks, W. B., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(6), e541–e550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). The National Center for PTSD.
   Google Scholar
• Wells, A., & Sembi, S. (2004). Metacognitive therapy for PTSD: A preliminary investigation of a new brief treatment. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35(4), 307–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, A., Walton, D., Lovell, K., & Proctor, D. (2015). Metacognitive therapy versus prolonged exposure in adults with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: A parallel randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 70–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2018). ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en
   Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Pratchett, L. C., Elmes, M. W., Lehrner, A., Daskalakis, N. P., Koch, E., & Bierer, L. M. (2014). Glucocorticoid-related predictors and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder treatment response in combat veterans. Interface Focus, 4(5), 20140048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zang, Y., Hunt, N., & Cox, T. (2013). A randomised controlled pilot study: The effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy with adult survivors of the Sichuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zang, Y., Hunt, N., & Cox, T. (2014). Adapting narrative exposure therapy for Chinese earthquake survivors: A pilot randomised controlled feasibility study. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnick, C., Shea, T. M., Rosen, K., Simpson, E., Mulrenin, K., Begin, A., & Pearlstein, T. (1997). An affect‐management group for women with posttraumatic stress disorder and histories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(3), 425–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar