References

• Able, M. L., & Benedek, D. M. (2019). Severity and symptoms trajectory in combat-related PTSD: A review of the literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(58). doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1042-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Thomas, I., Ruiz, J., Guilera, G., & Bados, A. (2019). Long-term clinical and functional course of borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Psychiatry, 56, 75–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision DSM IV-TR). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) (DSM-5). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Arrindell, W., Ettema, H., Groenman, N., Janssen, I., Slaets, J., Hekster, G., … & Dost, S. (2003). Further Dutch experiences with the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. De Psycholoog, 38, 576–582.
   Google Scholar
• Arrindell, W. A., & Ettema, J. H. M. (1986). Klachtenlijst (SCL-90). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
   Google Scholar
• Bae, H., Kim, D., & Park, Y. C. (2016). Dissociation predicts treatment response in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 17(1), 112–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnicot, K., & Crawford, M. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with borderline personality disorder: Treatment outcomes and mediators. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31, 899–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 727–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkenstam, C., Ekselius, L., Berlin, M., Gerdin, B., & Björkenstam, E. (2016). Suicide risk and suicide method in patients with personality disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 83, 29–36. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, D. D., Wheaters, F. W., Nagi, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, B. L., Schielke, H. J., Putnam, K. T., Putnam, F. W., Loewenstein, R. J., Myrick, A., & Lanius, R. A. (2019). An online educational program for individuals with dissociative disorders and their clinicians: 1-year and 2-year follow-up. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32, 156–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Beurs, E. (2010). De genormaliseerde T-score: Een ’euro’ voor testuitslagen. Maandblad voor de Geestelijke Volksgezondheid, 9(65), 684–695. (in Dutch).
   Google Scholar
• de Jong, C. A. J., Derks, F. C. H., van Oel, C. J., & Rinne, T. (1996). SIDP‐IV: Gestructureerd interview voor de DSM‐IV persoonlijkheidsstoornissen. Sint Oedenrode: Stichting Verslavingszorg Oost Brabant.
   Google Scholar
• Dorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., Smit, J. H., Balkom, A. J., Veltman, D. J., Hoogendoorn, A. W., & Draijer, N. (2012). Stabilizing group treatment for complex posttraumatic stress disorder related to child abuse based on psychoeducation and cognitive behavioural therapy: A multisite randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 81(4), 217–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draijer, N. (1989). Gestructureerd trauma interview (structured trauma interview). Amsterdam: Department of Psychiatry, Vrije University.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzmaurice, G. M., Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (2004). Applied Longitudinal Studies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, A., Mergl, R., Kohls, E., Székely, A., Gusmao, R., Arensman, E., … & Rummel-Kluge, C. (2017). A cross-national study on gender differences in suicide intent. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1). doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1398-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friborg, O., Martinussen, M., Kaiser, S., Øvergard, K. T., & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2013). Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of 30 years of research. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145, 143–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson, J. G., Daversa, M. T., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Zanarini, M. C., Shea, M. C., … & Stout, R. L. (2006). Predictors of 2-year outcome for patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 822–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagenaars, M. A., van Minnen, A., & Hoogduin, K. A. (2010). The impact of dissociation and depression on the efficacy of prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(1), 19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harned, M. S., Rizvi, S. L., & Linehan, M. M. (2010). Impact of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder on suicidal women with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 1210–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Høye, A., Jacobsen, B. K., & Hansen, V. (2013). Sex differences in mortality of admitted patients with personality disorders in North Norway - A prospective register study. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 317. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen, E. K. K., Langeland, W., Sexton, H., & Heir, T. (2014). Inpatient treatment for early sexually abused adults: A naturalistic 12-month follow-up study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 6(2), 142–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & van den Brink, W. (2003). Assessment of lifetime physical and sexual abuse in treated alcoholics: Validity of the Addiction Severity Index. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 871–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawn, S., & McMahon, J. (2015). Experiences of care by Australians with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(7), 510–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick, A. C., Webermann, A. R., Langeland, W., Putnam, F. W., & Brand, B. L. (2017). Treatment of dissociative disorders and reported changes in inpatient and outpatient cost estimates. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), 1375829. doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1375829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Mandel, F., Kaplan, S., & Resick, P. (1997). Development of a criteria set and structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfohl, B., Blum, N., & Zimmerman, M. (1995). The structured interview for DSM-IV personality: SIDP-IV. Iowa City: University of Iowa.
   Google Scholar
• Philips, J. (2015). PTSD in DSM-5: Understanding the changes. Psychiatric Times, 32(9).https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/ptsd/ptsd-dsm-5-understanding-changes
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G. H., Reister, G., & Tress, W. (2000). The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): A German validation study. Quality of Life Research, 9(2), 185–193. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4036992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Shea, M. T., McGlashan, T. H., Morey, L. C., Sanislow, C. A., … & Stout, R. L. (2005). The collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study (CLPS): Overview and implication. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(5), 487–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, M. (2000). Advances in the clinical assessment of dissociation: The SCID-D-R. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 64, 146–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert, C., Hofmann, M., Leichsenring, F., & Kruse, J. (2015). The course of PTSD in naturalistic long-term studies: High variability of outcomes. A systematic review. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 69(7), 483–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheul, R., Andrea, H., Berghout, C. C., Dolan, C., Busschbach, J. J., van der Kroft, P. J., & Fonagy, P. (2008). Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-118): Development, factor structure, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 20, 23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, D., Varker, T., Kartal, D., Hetrick, S., O’Donnell, M., & Forbes, D. (2016). Gender difference in outcomes following trauma-focused interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(3), 356–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2001). Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 132–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildschut, M., Langeland, W., Smit, J. H., & Draijer, N. (2014). Survivors of early childhood trauma: Evaluating a two-dimensional diagnostic model of the impact of trauma and neglect. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 21824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildschut, M., Swart, S., Langeland, W., Smit, J. H., & Draijer, N. (2018a). Clinical profiles of survivors of childhood trauma and neglect: Personality or trauma oriented? Mental Health and Family Medicine Ltd, 13, 681–688.
   Google Scholar
• Wildschut, M., Swart, S., Langeland, W., Smit, J. H., & Draijer, N. (2018b). A trauma-spectrum approach: Quantifying a dimensional model of trauma-related and dissociative disorders. JSM Anxiety and Depression, 3, 1024.
   Google Scholar
• Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., Reich, D. B., & Silk, K. R. (2004). Axis I comorbidity in patients with borderline personality disorder: 6-year follow-up and prediction of time to remission. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2108–2114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., Reich, D. B., & Silk, K. R. (2006). Prediction of the 10-year course of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(5), 827–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar