References

• Allen, J. , Balfour, R. , Bell, R. , & Marmot, M. (2014). Social determinants of mental health. International Review of Psychiatry , 26(4), 392–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Medical Association (AMA) . (2020, April 24). Managing mental health during COVID-19 . Chicago, IL: American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/managing-mental-health-during-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Armitage, R. , & Nellums, L. B. (2020). COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet Public Health , 5(5), e256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. K. , Webster, R. K. , Smith, L. E. , Woodland, L. , Wessely, S. , Greenberg, N. , & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet , 395(10227), 912–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol is too long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 4(1), 92–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress (CSTS) . (2020). Sustaining the well-being of healthcare personnel during coronavirus and other infectious disease outbreaks . Bethesda, MD: Uniformed Services University, Department of Psychiatry. Retrieved from https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Sustaining_WellBeing_of_Healthcare_Personnel_during_Infectious_Disease_Outbreaks.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . (2020, April 30). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Stress and Coping . Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html
   Google Scholar
• Cyranoski, D. (2020). Profile of a killer: The complex biology powering the coronavirus pandemic. Nature , 581(7806), 22–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J. , Anda, R. F. , Nordenberg, D. , Williamson, D. F. , Spitz, A. M. , Edwards, V. , … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 14(4), 245–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorillo, A. , & Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European Psychiatry , 63(1), e32, 1–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. , Zhu, J. , & Lanius, R. (2019). Lifetime traumatic stressors and adverse childhood experiences uniquely predict concurrent PTSD, complex PTSD, and dissociative subtype of PTSD symptoms whereas recent adult non-traumatic stressors do not: Results from an online survey study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 10(1), 1606625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea, S. , Merchant, R. M. , & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine , 180(6), 817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, J. , Zheng, P. , Jia, Y. , Chen, H. , Mao, Y. , Chen, S. , … Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS One , 15(4), e0231924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, N. , Docherty, M. , Gnanapragasam, S. , & Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. BMJ , 368, m1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E. A. , O’Connor, R. C. , Perry, V. H. , Tracey, I. , Wessely, S. , Arseneault, L. , … Everall, I. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry , 15;7(6):547–560. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javakhishvili, J. D. , Ardino, V. , Bragesjö, M. , Kazlauskas, E. , Olff, M. , & Schäfer, I. (2020). Trauma-informed responses in addressing public mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS). European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 11(1), 1780782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, L. , Ma, S. , Chen, M. , Yang, J. , Wang, Y. , Li, R. , … Liu, Z. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity . Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazlauskas, E. , Gegieckaite, G. , Eimontas, J. , Zelviene, P. , & Maercker, A. (2018). A brief measure of the International Classification of Diseases-11 adjustment disorder: Investigation of psychometric properties in an adult help-seeking sample. Psychopathology , 51(1), 10–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitson, A. (2020). Rising from the ashes: Affirming the spirit of courage, community resilience, compassion and caring. Journal of Clinical Nursing , 1–2. doi:10.1111/jocn.15182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K. , Spitzer, R. L. , & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine , 16(9), 606–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, J. , Ma, S. , Wang, Y. , Cai, Z. , Hu, J. , Wei, N. , … Li, R. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open , 3(3), e203976–e203976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, C. K. T. , Carvalho, P. M. D. M. , Lima, I. D. A. A. S. , Nunes, J. V. A. D. O. , Saraiva, J. S. , de Souza, R. I. , … Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research , 287, 112915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, K. , Chen, Y. , Lin, R. , & Han, K. (2020). Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients. Journal of Infection . Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotzin, A. (2020). Pandemic Coping Scale . Unpublished manuscript. Hamburg, Germany: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf.
   Google Scholar
• Mihashi, M. , Otsubo, Y. , Yinjuan, X. , Nagatomi, K. , Hoshiko, M. , & Ishitake, T. (2009). Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak. Health Psychology , 28(1), 91–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins, A. , Bovin, M. J. , Kimerling, R. , Kaloupek, D. G. , Marx, B. P. , Pless Kaiser, A. , & Schnurr, P. P. (2015). The Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) . Washington D.C.: National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/screens/pc-ptsd.asp
   Google Scholar
• Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry , 52, 102066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, R. , Socci, V. , Talevi, D. , Mensi, S. , Niolu, C. , Pacitti, F. , … Di Lorenzo, G. (2020, April 14). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. An N = 18147 web-based survey. Advance online publication. doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.20057802.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M. R. , Narayan, A. J. , Atzl, V. M. , Rivera, L. M. , & Lieberman, A. F. (2020). Childhood maltreatment on the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Scale versus the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) in a perinatal sample. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma , 29(1), 38–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šimkovic, M. , & Träuble, B. (2019). Robustness of statistical methods when measure is affected by ceiling and/or floor effect. Plos One , 14(8), e0220889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solar, O. , & Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Spoont, M. R. , Williams, J. W. , Kehle-Forbes, S. , Nieuwsma, J. A. , Mann-Wrobel, M. C. , & Gross, R. (2015). Does this patient have posttraumatic stress disorder? Rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA , 314(5), 501–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meer, C. A. , Te Brake, H. , van der Aa, N. , Dashtgard, P. , Bakker, A. , & Olff, M. (2018). Assessing psychological resilience: Development and psychometric properties of the English and Dutch version of the resilience evaluation scale (RES). Frontiers in Psychiatry , 9, 169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dorn, A. , Cooney, R. E. , & Sabin, M. L. (2020). COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US. The Lancet , 395(10232), 1243–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, V. , Murphy, D. , & Greenberg, N. (2020). COVID-19 and experiences of moral injury in front-line key workers. Occupational Medicine . Advance online publication. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) . (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, 18 March 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/MentalHealth/2020.1). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Zelviene, P. , Kazlauskas, E. , & Maercker, A. (2020). Risk factors of ICD-11 adjustment disorder in the Lithuanian general population exposed to life stressors. European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 11(1), 1708617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar