References

• American Psychiatric Association . (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Barling, J. , Rogers, A. G. , & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Behind closed doors: In-home workers’ experience of sexual harassment and workplace violence. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 6(3), 255–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanchard, E. B. , Jones-Alexander, J. , Buckley, T. C. , & Forneris, C. A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34(8), 669–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscarino, J. A. , Adams, R. E. , Figley, C. R. , Galea, S. , & Foa, E. B. (2006). Fear of terrorism and preparedness in New York City 2 years after the attacks: Implications for disaster planning and research. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice: JPHMP , 12(6), 505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, S. J. , & Cheyne, A. (2000). Assessing safety culture in offshore environments. Safety Science , 34(1), 111–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A. , & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 38(4), 319–345. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10761279 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farewell, V. T. , Long, D. L. , Tom, B. D. M. , Yiu, S. , & Su, L. (2017). Two-part and related regression models for longitudinal data. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application , 4, 283–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finseraas, H. , & Listhaug, O. (2013). It can happen here: The impact of the Mumbai terror attacks on public opinion in Western Europe. Public Choice , 156(1), 213–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton, C. S. , Herberman Mash, H. B. , Benevides, K. N. , Morganstein, J. C. , & Ursano, R. J. (2015). Distress of routine activities and perceived safety associated with post-traumatic stress, depression, and alcohol use: 2002 Washington, DC, sniper attacks. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , 9(5), 509–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieger, T. A. , Fullerton, C. S. , & Ursano, R. J. (2003a). Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use, and perceived safety after the terrorist attack on the pentagon. Psychiatric Services , 54(10), 1380–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieger, T. A. , Fullerton, C. S. , Ursano, R. J. , & Reeves, J. J. (2003b). Acute stress disorder, alcohol use, and perception of safety among hospital staff after the sniper attacks. Psychiatric Services , 54(10), 1383–1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. , & Elklit, A. (2011). Predictors of acute stress disorder in response to bank robbery. European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 2(1), 5864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. B. , Berthelsen, M. , Nissen, A. , & Heir, T. (2019). Sick leave before and after a work-place targeted terror attack. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health , 92(3), 327–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hem, C. , Hussain, A. , Wentzel-Larsen, T. , & Heir, T. (2012). The Norwegian version of the PTSD Checklist (PCL): Construct validity in a community sample of 2004 tsunami survivors. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , 66(5), 355–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman, E. A. , Garfin, D. R. , Lubens, P. , & Silver, R. C. (2019). Media exposure to collective trauma, mental health, and functioning: Does it matter what you see? Clinical Psychological Science , 2167702619858300. doi:10.1177/2167702619858300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman, E. A. , Silver, R. C. , Poulin, M. , Andersen, J. , Gil-Rivas, V. , & McIntosh, D. N. (2008). Terrorism, acute stress, and cardiovascular health: A 3-year national study following the September 11th attacks. Archives of General Psychiatry , 65(1), 73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howie, L. (2007). The terrorism threat and managing workplaces. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal , 16(1), 70–78.
   Google Scholar
• Kivimäki, M. , Head, J. , Ferrie, J. E. , Shipley, M. J. , Vahtera, J. , & Marmot, M. G. (2003). Sickness absence as a global measure of health: Evidence from mortality in the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. BMJ , 327(7411), 364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanctôt, N. , & Guay, S. (2014). The aftermath of workplace violence among healthcare workers: A systematic literature review of the consequences. Aggression and Violent Behavior , 19(5), 492–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainiero, L. A. , & Gibson, D. E. (2003). Managing employee trauma: Dealing with the emotional fallout from 9-11. Academy of Management Perspectives , 17(3), 130–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mänty, M. , Lallukka, T. , Lahti, J. , Pietiläinen, O. , Laaksonen, M. , Lahelma, E. , & Rahkonen, O. (2017). Physical and mental health functioning after all-cause and diagnosis-specific sickness absence: A register-linkage follow-up study among ageing employees. BMC Public Health , 17(1), 114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmot, M. , Feeney, A. , Shipley, M. , North, F. , & Syme, S. L. (1995). Sickness absence as a measure of health status and functioning: From the UK Whitehall II study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 49(2), 124–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, R. D. , Bryant, R. A. , Amsel, L. , Suh, E. J. , Cook, J. M. , & Neria, Y. (2007). The psychology of ongoing threat: Relative risk appraisal, the September 11 attacks, and terrorism-related fears. The American Psychologist , 62(4), 304–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review , 50(4), 370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, S. D. , & Calhoun, P. S. (2010). The diagnostic accuracy of the PTSD checklist: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review , 30(8), 976–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melamed, S. , Shirom, A. , Toker, S. , Berliner, S. , & Shapira, I. (2004). Association of fear of terror with low-grade inflammation among apparently healthy employed adults. Psychosomatic Medicine , 66(4), 484–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen, A. , Birkeland Nielsen, M. , Solberg, Ø. , Bang Hansen, M. , & Heir, T. (2015). Perception of threat and safety at work among employees in the Norwegian ministries after the 2011 Oslo bombing. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping , 28(6), 650–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen, A. , Hansen, M. B. , Nielsen, M. B. , Knardahl, S. , & Heir, T. (2019). Employee safety perception following workplace terrorism: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 10(1), 1478584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen, A. , & Heir, T. (2016). Perceived safety at work in the wake of terror: The importance of security measures and emergency preparedness. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , 10(6), 805–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North, C. S. , Barney, C. J. , & Pollio, D. E. (2015). A focus group study of the impact of trauma exposure in the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 50(4), 569–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North, C. S. , & Pfefferbaum, B. (2002). Research on the mental health effects of terrorism [Review of research on the mental health effects of terrorism]. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association , 288(5), 633–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North, C. S. , Pfefferbaum, B. , Hong, B. A. , Gordon, M. R. , Kim, Y. S. , Lind, L. , & Pollio, D. E. (2010). The business of healing: Focus group discussions of readjustment to the Post-9/11 work environment among employees of affected agencies. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine/American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 52(7), 713–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North, C. S. , Pollio, D. E. , Smith, R. P. , King, R. V. , Pandya, A. , Surís, A. M. , … Pfefferbaum, B. (2011). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among employees of New York City companies affected by the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , 5(Suppl 2), S205–S213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz García-Vera, M. , Sanz, J. , & Gutiérrez, S. (2016). A systematic review of the literature on posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of terrorist attacks. Psychological Reports , 119(1), 328–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, J. C. , & Bates, D. M. (1995). Approximations to the log-likelihood function in the nonlinear mixed-effects model. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics: A Joint Publication of American Statistical Association, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Interface Foundation of North America , 4(1), 12–35.
   Google Scholar
• Rai, D. , Skapinakis, P. , Wiles, N. , Lewis, G. , & Araya, R. (2010). Common mental disorders, subthreshold symptoms and disability: Longitudinal study. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science , 197(5), 411–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizopoulos, D. (2019, January 29). Zero-inflated and two-part mixed effects models. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/GLMMadaptive/vignettes/ZeroInflated_and_TwoPart_Models.html
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, K. A. , & Kelloway, E. K. (1997). Violence at work: Personal and organizational outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 2(1), 63–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin, G. J. , Brewin, C. R. , Greenberg, N. , Hughes, J. H. , Simpson, J. , & Wessely, S. (2007). Enduring consequences of terrorism: 7-month follow-up survey of reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science , 190(4), 350–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, G. J. , Brewin, C. R. , Greenberg, N. , Simpson, J. , & Wessely, S. (2005). Psychological and behavioural reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005: Cross sectional survey of a representative sample of Londoners. BMJ , 331(7517), 606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schouten, R. , Callahan, M. V. , & Bryant, S. (2004). Community response to disaster: The role of the workplace. Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 12(4), 229–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster, M. A. , Stein, B. D. , Jaycox, L. H. , Collins, R. L. , Marshall, G. N. , Elliott, M. N. , … Berry, S. H. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. The New England Journal of Medicine , 345(20), 1507–1512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiao, J. S.-C. , Tseng, Y. , Hsieh, Y.-T. , Hou, J.-Y. , Cheng, Y. , & Guo, Y. L. (2010). Assaults against nurses of general and psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health , 83(7), 823–832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, R. C. , Holman, E. A. , McIntosh, D. N. , Poulin, M. , & Gil-Rivas, V. (2002). Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association , 288(10), 1235–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stansfeld, S. A. , Fuhrer, R. , & Head, J. (2011). Impact of common mental disorders on sickness absence in an occupational cohort study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 68(6), 408–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahtera, J. , Pentti, J. , & Kivimäki, M. (2004). Sickness absence as a predictor of mortality among male and female employees. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 58(4), 321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. , Litz, B. T. , Herman, D. S. , Huska, J. A. , & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility . Annual meeting of the international society for traumatic stress studies, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Wikman, A. , Marklund, S. , & Alexanderson, K. (2005). Illness, disease, and sickness absence: An empirical test of differences between concepts of ill health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 59(6), 450–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeileis, A. , Kleiber, C. , & Jackman, S. (2008). Regression models for count data in R. Journal of Statistical Software, Articles , 27(8), 1–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar