References

• Albach, F., & Everaerd, W. (1992). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in victims of childhood incest. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 57(4), 143–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Amir, M., Kaplan, Z., Efroni, R., & Kotler, M. (1999). Suicide risk and coping styles in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 68(2), 76–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwoli, L., Stein, D. J., Koenen, K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2015). Epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: Prevalence, correlates and consequences. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(4), 307–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, 57, 289–300.
   Google Scholar
• Bisson, J. I., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(2), 97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohus, M., Dyer, A. S., Priebe, K., Krüger, A., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., … Steil, R. (2013). Dialectical behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder after childhood sexual abuse in patients with and without borderline personality disorder: A randomised controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 82(4), 221–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety, 35(6), 502–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y.-R., Hung, K.-W., Tsai, J.-C., Chu, H., Chung, M.-H., Chen, S.-R., … Chou, K. R. (2014). Efficacy of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for patients with posttraumatic-stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e103676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, S. B., Rizvi, S. L., & Resick, P. A. (2008). Borderline personality characteristics and treatment outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatments for PTSD in female rape victims. Behavioral Therapy, 39(1), 72–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., & Koenen, K. C. (2001). The impact of borderline personality disorder on process group outcome among women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 51(3), 379–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jongh, A., Groenland, G. N., Sanches, S., Bongaerts, H., Voorendonk, E. M., & van Minnen, A. (2020). The impact of brief intensive trauma-focused treatment for PTSD on symptoms of borderline personality disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1721142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7(3), 177–188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehring, T., Welboren, R., Morina, N., Wicherts, J. M., Freitag, J., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2014). Meta-analysis of psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(8), 645–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeny, N. C., Zoellner, L. A., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Treatment outcome for chronic PTSD among female assault victims with borderline personality characteristics: A preliminary examination. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16(1), 30–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harned, M. S., Korslund, K. E., Foa, E. B., & Linehan, M. M. (2012). Treating PTSD in suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder: Development and preliminary evaluation of a dialectical behavior therapy prolonged exposure protocol. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(6), 381–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harned, M. S., Korslund, K. E., & Linehan, M. M. (2014). A pilot randomized controlled trial of dialectical behavior therapy with and without the dialectical behavior therapy prolonged exposure protocol for suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder and PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 55, 7–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., & Foa, E. B. (2004). Impact of personality disorders on treatment outcome for female assault survivors with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(1), 117–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539–1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holder, N., Holliday, R., Pai, A., & Surís, A. (2017). Role of borderline personality disorder in the treatment of military sexual trauma-related posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive processing therapy. Behavioural Medicine, 43(3), 184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, A. M., Dar, S., Ahmed, R., Bachu, R., Adnan, M., & Kotapati, V. P. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cureus, 10, e3250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kredlow, M. A., Szuhany, K. L., Lo, S., Xie, H., Gottlieb, J. D., Rosenberg, S. D., & Mueser, K. T. (2017). Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in individuals with severe mental illness and borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 249, 86–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. J., Schnitzlein, C. W., Wolf, J. P., Vythilingam, M., Rasmusson, A. M., & Hoge, C. W. (2016). Psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analyses to determine first-line treatments. Depression and Anxiety, 33(9), 792–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Starling, E., & Bisson, J. I. (2020). Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1729633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, L., Voller, E. K., McCallum, E. B., Thuras, P., Shallcross, S., Velasquez, T., & Meis, L. (2017). Treating veterans with PTSD and borderline personality symptoms in a 12-week intensive outpatient setting: Findings from a pilot program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(2), 178–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser, K. T., Gottlieb, J. D., Xie, H., Lu, W., Yanos, P. T., Rosenberg, S. D., … McHugo, G. J. (2015). Evaluation of cognitive restructuring for post-traumatic stress disorder in people with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(6), 501–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., Xie, H., Jankowski, M. K., Bolton, E. E., Lu, W., … Wolfe, R. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 259–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pabst, A., Schauer, M., Bernhardt, K., Ruf-Leuschner, M., Goder, R., Elbert, T., & Seeck-Hirschner, M. (2014). Evaluation of narrative exposure therapy (NET) for borderline personality disorder with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 11, 108–117.
   Google Scholar
• Pagura, J., Stein, M. B., Bolton, J. M., Cox, B. J., Grant, B., & Sareen, J. (2010). Comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in the U.S. population. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(16), 1190–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, R. (1997). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638–641.
   Google Scholar
• Samuals, J., Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, O. J., Brown, C. H., Costa, P. T., & Nestadt, G. (2002). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(6), 536–542.
   Google Scholar
• Sannibale, C., Teesson, M., Creamer, M., Sitharthan, T., Bryant, R. A., Sutherland, K., … Peek-O’Leary, M. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorders. Addiction, 108(8), 1397–1410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slotema, C. W., Blom, J. D., Niemantsverdriet, M. B. A., Deen, M., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2018). Comorbid diagnosis of psychotic disorders in borderline personality disorder: Prevalence and influence on outcome. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slotema, C. W., van den Berg, D. P. G., Driessen, A., Wilhelmus, B., & Franken, I. H. A. (2019). Feasibility of EMDR for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with personality disorders: A pilot study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1614822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steil, R., Dittmann, C., Müller-Engelmann, M., Dyer, A., Maasch, A. M., & Priebe, K. (2018). Dialectical behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: A pilot study in an outpatient treatment setting. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1423832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steil, R., Dyer, A., Priebe, K., Kleindienst, N., & Bohus, M. (2011). Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: A pilot study of an intensive residential treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 102–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steuwe, C., Rullkötter, N., Ertl, V., Berg, M., Neuner, F., Beblo, T., & Driessen, M. (2016). Effectiveness and feasilibility of narrative exposure therapy (NET) in patients with borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder – A pilot study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ursano, R. J., Bell, C., Spencer, E., Friedman, M., Norwood, A., Pfeifferbaum, B., … Benedek, D. M. (2004). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(11 Suppl), 3–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van den Berg, D. P., de Bont, P. A., van der Vleugel, B. M., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., van Minnen, A., & van der Gaag, M. (2015). Prolonged exposure vs eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs waiting list for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with a psychotic disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(3), 259–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, K. H., Bolte, T. A., Owens, G. P., & Chard, K. M. (2012). The impact of personality disorders on treatment outcome for veterans in posttraumatic stress disorder residential treatment program. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 576–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Dubo, E. D., Sickel, A. E., Trikha, A., Levin, A., & Reynolds, V. (1998). Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1733–1739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanarini, M. C., Gunderson, J. G., Marino, M. F., Schwartz, E. O., & Frankenburg, F. R. (1989). Childhood experiences of borderline patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30(1), 18–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar