References

• Abavi, R., Branston, A., Mason, R., & Du Mont, J. (2020). An exploration of sexual assault survivors’ discourse online on help-seeking. Violence and Victims, 35(1), 126–15. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-18-00148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman, D. R., Sugar, N. F., Fine, D. N., & Eckert, L. O. (2006). Sexual assault victims: Factors associated with follow-up care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 194(6), 1653–1659. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinsulure-Smith, A. M. (2014). Displaced African female survivors of conflict-related sexual violence. Violence Against Women, 20(6), 677–694. doi:10.1177/1077801214540537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvidrez, J., Shumway, M., Morazes, J., & Boccellari, A. (2011). Ethnic disparities in mental health treatment engagement among female sexual assault victims. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20(4), 415–425. doi:10.1080/10926771.2011.568997
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, R. M. (1995). Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: Does it matter? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 1. doi:10.2307/2137284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, G. D., & Overby, R. (2020). Barriers in seeking support: Perspectives of service providers who are survivors of sexual violence. Journal of Community Psychology, 48, 1564–1582. doi:10.1002/jcop.22348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, H., Morgan, G., Evans, V., Fitzpatrick, S., Larasi, M., Narwal, J., & Williamson, D. (2019). Breaking down the barriers: Findings of the national commission on domestic and sexual violence and multiple disadvantage. Retrieved from https://avaproject.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Breaking-down-the-Barriers-full-report-.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, A., & Barr, O. (2000). Police policies on the investigation of sexual crimes committed against adults who have a learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 4(2), 129–139. doi:10.1177/146900470000400204
   Google Scholar
• Bows, H. (2018). Practitioner views on the impacts, challenges, and barriers in supporting older survivors of sexual violence. Violence Against Women, 24(9), 1070–1090. doi:10.1177/1077801217732348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, C., & Durmaz, E. (2015). Mental health, sexual violence and the work of Sexual Assault Referral centres (SARCs) in England. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 31, 47–51. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2015.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, C., Hughes, E., Lloyd-Evans, B., & Stefanidou, T. (2019). Mental health pathways from a sexual assault centre: A review of the literature. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 68, 101862. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2019.101862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant-Davis, T., Chung, H., & Tillman, S. (2009). From the margins to the center. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(4), 330–357. doi:10.1177/1524838009339755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, A. W., & Hanrahan, N. P. (2004). Issues in elder sexual abuse in nursing homes. Nursing and Health PolicyReview, 3(1), 5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, R., Patterson, D., & Lichty, L. F. (2005). The effectiveness of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6(4), 313–329. doi:10.1177/1524838005280328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Classen, C. C., Palesh, O. G., & Aggarwal, R. (2005). Sexual revictimization. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6(2), 103–129. doi:10.1177/1524838005275087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy, S., & Cotter, A. (2014). Self-reported sexual assault in Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2017001/article/14842-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241. doi:10.2307/1229039
   Google Scholar
• DeLeon, P. (2017). Campus- and Community- Based Administrators and Mental Health Providers Perspectives on Sexual Assault among College-Age Women. [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Cincinatti. Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Du Mont, J., Kosa, S. D., Abavi, R., Kia, H., & Macdonald, S. (2019). Toward affirming care: An initial evaluation of a sexual violence treatment network’s capacity for addressing the needs of trans sexual assault survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 088626051988994. doi:10.1177/0886260519889943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Mont, J., Kosa, S. D., Solomon, S., & Macdonald, S. (2019). Assessment of nurses’ competence to care for sexually assaulted trans persons: A survey of Ontario’s Sexual Assault/Domestic Violence Treatment Centres. BMJ Open, 9(5), e023880. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Mont, J., Macdonald, S., Myhr, T., & Loutfy, M. R. (2011). Sustainability of an HIV PEP program for sexual assault survivors: “Lessons learned” from health care providers. The Open AIDS Journal, 5(1), 102–112. doi:10.2174/1874613601105010102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frantz, B. L., Carey, A. C., & Bryen, D. N. (2006). Accessibility of Pennsylvania’s victim assistance programs. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 16(4), 209–219. doi:10.1177/10442073060160040201
   Google Scholar
• Fraser-Barbour, E. F. (2018). On the ground insights from disability professionals supporting people with intellectual disability who have experienced sexual violence. The Journal of Adult Protection, 20(5/6), 207–220. doi:10.1108/JAP-04-2018-0006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser-Barbour, E. F., Crocker, R., & Walker, R. (2018). Barriers and facilitators in supporting people with intellectual disability to report sexual violence: Perspectives of Australian disability and mainstream support providers. The Journal of Adult Protection, 20(1), 5–16. doi:10.1108/JAP-08-2017-0031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentlewarrior, S. (2009). Culturally competent service provision to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survivors of sexual violence. National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women. Retrieved from https://vawnet.org/material/culturally-competent-service-provision-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-survivors
   Google Scholar
• Goodfellow, J., & Camilleri, M. (2003). Beyond belief, beyond justice: The difficulties for victim/survivors with disabilities when reporting sexual assault and seeking justice. Disability Discrimination Legal Service. https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12155689
   Google Scholar
• Greene-Moton, E., & Minkler, M. (2020). Cultural competence or cultural humility? Moving beyond the debate. Health Promotion Practice, 21(1), 142–145. doi:10.1177/1524839919884912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, K., Reading, C., & Barlow, K. (2009). A qualitative study of the role of sexual violence in the lives of aboriginal women living with HIV/AIDS. Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network. Retrieved from http://librarypdf.catie.ca/ATI-20000s/26290.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hendriks, B., Vandenberghe, A. M.-J. A., Peeters, L., Roelens, K., & Keygnaert, I. (2018). Towards a more integrated and gender-sensitive care delivery for victims of sexual assault: Key findings and recommendations from the Belgian sexual assault care centre feasibility study. International Journal for Equity in Health, 17(1), 152. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0864-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holly, J., & Horvath, M. A. H. (2012). A question of commitment – Improving practitioner responses to domestic and sexual violence, problematic substance use and mental ill‐health. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 5(2), 59–67. doi:10.1108/17570971211241912
   Google Scholar
• Jancey, J., Meuleners, L., & Phillips, M. (2011). Health professionals’ perceptions of sexual assault management. Health Education Journal, 70(3), 249–259. doi:10.1177/0017896911406970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, S. P., Mehrotra, G. R., & Fujikawa, K. A. (2019). Mandating inclusion: Critical trans perspectives on domestic and sexual violence advocacy. Violence Against Women, 26(6–7), 531–554. doi:10.1177/1077801219836728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmakis, K. A. (2011). Struggling to survive: The experiences of women sexually assaulted while intoxicated. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 7(2), 60–67. doi:10.1111/j.1939-3938.2011.01100.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kattari, S. K., Walls, E. N., Whitfield, D. L., & Magruder, L. L. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in experiences of discrimination in accessing social services among transgender/gender-nonconforming people. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 26(3), 217–235. doi:10.1080/15313204.2016.1242102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kattari, S. K., Walls, N. E., & Speer, S. R. (2017). Differences in experiences of discrimination in accessing social services among transgender/gender nonconforming individuals by (dis)ability. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 16(2), 116–140. doi:10.1080/1536710X.2017.1299661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keilty, J., & Connelly, G. (2001). Making a statement: An exploratory study of barriers facing women with an intellectual disability when making a statement about sexual assault to police. Disability & Society, 16(2), 273–291. doi:10.1080/09687590120035843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, A. C., Adams, A., Bybee, D., Campbell, R., Kubiak, S. P., & Sullivan, C. (2012). A model of sexually and physically victimized women’s process of attaining effective formal help over time: The role of social location, context, and intervention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 50(1–2), 217–228. doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9494-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss, M. P., Hansen, M., Anderson, E. J., Hardeberg-Bach, M., & Holm-Bramsen, R. (2020). Sexual assault. In F. M. Cheung & D. F. Halpern (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of the international psychology of women. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koss, M. P., White, J. W., & Lopez, E. C. (2017). Victim voice in reenvisioning responses to sexual and physical violence nationally and internationally. American Psychologist, 72(9), 1019–1030. doi:10.1037/amp0000233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), 69. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lievore, D. (2005). No longer silent. A study of women’s help-seeking decisions and service responses to sexual assaultle: A report prepared by the Australian Institute of Criminology for the Australian Government’s Office for Women. Retrieved from https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/archive/archive-134
   Google Scholar
• Luce, H., Schrager, S., & Gilchrist, V. (2010). Sexual assault of women. American Family Physician, 81(4), 489–495. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20148503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macy, R. J., Giattina, M. C., Montijo, N. J., & Ermentrout, D. M. (2010). Domestic violence and sexual assault agency directors’ perspectives on services that help survivors. Violence Against Women, 16(10), 1138–1161. doi:10.1177/1077801210383085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macy, R. J., Giattina, M. C., Parish, S. L., & Crosby, C. (2010). Domestic violence and sexual assault services. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(1), 3–32. doi:10.1177/0886260508329128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary. (2020). Underserved. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/underserved
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, A., & Carter, C. (2016). Responding to the needs of people with learning disabilities who have been raped: Co-production in action. Tizard Learning Disability Review, 21(1), 30–38. doi:10.1108/TLDR-04-2015-0017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterbaan, V., Covers, M. L. V., Bicanic, I. A. E., Huntjens, R. J. C., & De Jongh, A. (2019). Do early interventions prevent PTSD? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of early interventions after sexual assault. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1682932. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1682932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, S. (2019). The double-edged sword of diagnosis: Medical neoliberalism in rape crisis center counseling. [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Massachusetts Boston. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umb.edu/doctoral_dissertations/432/
   Google Scholar
• Reeves, E. (2015). A synthesis of the literature on trauma-informed care. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(9), 698–709. doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1025319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, E. F., Exner, D., & Baughman, A. L. (2011). The prevalence of sexual assault against people who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual in the USA: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12(2), 55–66. doi:10.1177/1524838010390707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannell, M. (2018). Exploring the issues of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis and sexually assaulted individuals. Massachusetts: Northeastern University Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., Ehlers, A., Foa, E. B., Hasan, A., Mwiti, G., … Yule, W. (2016). Culture-sensitive psychotraumatology. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 31179. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.31179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seelman, K. L. (2015). Unequal treatment of transgender individuals in domestic violence and rape crisis programs. Journal of Social Service Research, 41(3), 307–325. doi:10.1080/01488376.2014.987943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sit, V., & Stermac, L. (2017). Improving formal support after sexual assault: Recommendations from survivors living in poverty in Canada. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36, 088626051774476. doi:10.1177/0886260517744761
   Google Scholar
• Smele, S., Quinlan, A., & Fogel, C. (2019). Sexual assault policing and justice for people with developmental disabilities. Violence and Victims, 34(5), 818–837. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-18-00041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanidou, T., Hughes, E., Kester, K., Edmondson, A., Majeed-Ariss, R., Smith, C., … Lloyd-Evans, B. (2020). The identification and treatment of mental health and substance misuse problems in sexual assault services: A systematic review. Plos One, 15(4), e0231260. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillman, S., Bryant-Davis, T., Smith, K., & Marks, A. (2010). Shattering silence: Exploring barriers to disclosure for African American sexual assault survivors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 11(2), 59–70. doi:10.1177/1524838010363717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., … Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467. doi:10.7326/M18-0850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman, S. E. (2007). Mental health services seeking in sexual assault victims. Women & Therapy, 30(1–2), 61–84. doi:10.1300/J015v30n01_04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman, S. E., & Najdowski, C. J. (2011). Vulnerability and protective factors for sexual assault. In Violence against women and children: Vol 1. Mapping the terrain (pp. 151–172). American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12307-007
   Google Scholar
• Ullman, S. E., & Townsend, S. M. (2007). Barriers to working with sexual assault survivors. Violence Against Women, 13(4), 412–443. doi:10.1177/1077801207299191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberghe, A., Hendriks, B., Peeters, L., Roelens, K., & Keygnaert, I. (2018). Establishing Sexual Assault Care Centres in Belgium: Health professionals’ role in the patient-centred care for victims of sexual violence. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 807. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3608-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vik, B. F., Rasmussen, K., Schei, B., & Hagemann, C. T. (2020). Is police investigation of rape biased by characteristics of victims? Forensic Science International: Synergy, 2, 98–106. doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.02.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walby, S., Olive, P., Towers, J., Francis, B., Strid, S., Krizsán, A., … Armstrong, J. (2015). Stopping rape. Bristol: Police Press.
   Google Scholar
• White, J. W., Sienkiewicz, H. C., & Smith, P. H. (2019). Envisioning future directions: Conversations with leaders in domestic and sexual assault advocacy, policy, service, and research. Violence Against Women, 25(1), 105–127. doi:10.1177/1077801218815771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweig, J., Newmark, L., Raja, D., & Denver, M. (2014). Accessing sexual assault medical forensic exams: Victims face barriers. Urban Institute. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/research/publication/accessing-sexual-assault-medical-forensic-exams
   Google Scholar
• Zweig, J., Schlichter, K. A., & Burt, M. R. (2002). Assisting women victims of violence who experience multiple barriers to services. Violence Against Women, 8(2), 162–180. doi:10.1177/10778010222182991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar