17,478
Views
87
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research Article

Age-related effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of children and adolescents

Efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 relacionados con la edad en la salud mental de niños y adolescentes

COVID-19疫情对儿童和青少年心理健康的年龄相关影响

ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Article: 1901407 | Received 23 Sep 2020, Accepted 04 Mar 2021, Published online: 16 Apr 2021

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 213–17. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213
  • Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, I. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles. Child behavior checklist for ages 1 1/2-5. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Centre for Children, Youth, and Families.
  • Barr, R. G., Trent, R. B., & Cross, J. (2006). Age-related incidence-curve of hospitalized shaken baby syndrome cases: Convergent evidence for crying as a trigger to shaking. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(1), 7–16. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.06.009
  • Becker, S. P., & Gregory, A. M. (2020). Editorial perspective: Perils and promise for child and adolescent sleep and associated psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(7), 757–759. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13278
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Buzzi, C., Tucci, M., Ciprandi, R., Brambilla, I., Caimmi, S., Ciprandi, G., & Marseglia, G. L. (2020). The psycho-social effects of COVID-19 on Italian adolescents’ attitudes and behaviors. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 46(1), 69. doi:10.1186/s13052-020-00833-4
  • Caporino, N. E., Exley, S., & Latzman, R. D. (2020). Youth anxiety about political news. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 51(5), 683–698. doi:10.1007/s10578-020-00972-z
  • Cleridou, K., Patalay, P., & Martin, P. (2017). Does parent-child agreement vary based on presenting problems? Results from a UK clinical sample. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11(1), 22. doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0159-2
  • Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., … McDonald, K. (2020). Parenting in a time of COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10231), e64. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30736-4
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., … Thigpen, J. C. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 143(9), 939–991. doi:10.1037/bul0000110
  • Craig, L. (2006). Does father care mean fathers share? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children. Gender and Society, 20(2), 259–281. doi:10.1177/0891243205285212
  • Dalsgaard, S., Thorsteinsson, E., & Trabjerg, B. B. (2020). Incidence rates and cumulative incidences of the full spectrum of diagnosed mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(2), 155–164. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3523
  • Dalton, L., Rapa, E., & Stein, A. (2020). Protecting the psychological health of children through effective communication about COVID-19. Lancet, 4, 346–347. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3
  • Dalton, L., Rapa, E., Ziebland, S., Rochat, T., Kelly, B., Hanington, L., … Stein, A. (2019). Communication with children and adolescents about the diagnosis of a life-threatening condition in their parent. The Lancet, 393(10176), 1164–1176. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33202-1
  • De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 858–900. doi:10.1037/a0038498
  • De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2004). Measuring informant discrepancies in clinical child research. Psychological Assessment, 16(3), 330–334. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.330
  • De Young, A. C., & Landolt, M. A. (2018). PTSD in children below the age of 6 years. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(11), 97. doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0966-z
  • Derella, O. J., Burke, J. D., Stepp, S. D., & Hipwell, A. E. (2020). Reciprocity in undesirable parent-child behavior? Verbal aggression, corporal punishment, and girls’ oppositional defiant symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 49(3), 420–433. doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1603109
  • Döpfner, M., Plück, J., & Kinnen, C. (2014). für die Arbeitsgruppe Deutsche Child Behavior Checklist. Manual deutsche Schulalter-Formen der Child Behavior Checklist von Thomas M. Achenbach. Elternfragebogen über das Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen, (CBCL/6-18R), Lehrerfragebogen über das Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen (TRF/6-18R), Fragebogen für Jugendliche (YSR/11-18R). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
  • Dumas, T. M., Ellis, W., & Litt, D. M. (2020). What does adolescent substance use look like during the COVID-19 pandemic? Examining changes in frequency, social contexts, and pandemic-related predictors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 1–8. In press. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.018
  • Ehrensaft, M. K., Knous-Westfall, H. M., & Alonso, T. L. (2016). Web-based prevention of parenting difficulties in young, urban mothers enrolled in post-secondary education. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 37(6), 527–542. doi:10.1007/s10935-016-0448-1
  • Fegert, J. M., & Schulze, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 and ist impact on child and adolescent psychiatry – A German and personal perspective. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 1–3. doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.43
  • Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14(1), 20. doi:10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
  • Fitzpatrick, O., Carson, A., & Weisz, J. R. (2020). Using mixed methods to identify the primary mental health problems and needs of children, adolescents, and their caregivers during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, (1), 1–12. doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01089-z
  • Fritz, J., de Graaff, A. M., Caisley, H., van Harmelen, A. L., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2018). A systematic review of amenable resilience factors that moderate and/or mediate the relationship between childhood adversity and mental health in young people. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 230. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00230
  • Golberstein, E., Wen, H., & Miller, B. F. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(9), 819. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456
  • Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence. doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00172-2
  • Grist, R. M., & Field, A. P. (2012). The mediating effect of cognitive development on children’s worry elaboration. Journal Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(2), 801–807. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.11.002
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
  • Groth, N., Schnyder, N., Kaess, M., Markovic, A., Rietschel, L., Moser, S., … Schmidt, S. J. (2019). Coping as a mediator between locus of control, competence beliefs, and mental health: A systematic review and structural equation modelling meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 121, 103442. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103442
  • Guessoum, S. B., Lachal, J., Radjack, R., Carretier, E., Minassian, S., Benoit, L., & Moro, M. R. (2020). Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113264. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264
  • Hamblin, R. J., Salloum, A., Andel, R., Nadeau, J. M., McBride, N. M., Lewin, A. B., & Storch, E. A. (2016). Predictors of parent-child agreement on child anxiety diagnoses on the ADIS-IV-C/P. Psychiatry Research, 245, 303–310. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.041
  • Hartman, C. A., Rommelse, N., van der Klugt, C. L., Wanders, R. B. K., & Timmerman, M. E. (2019). Stress exposure and the course of ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: Comorbid severe emotion dysregulation or mood and anxiety problems. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(11), 1824. doi:10.3390/jcm8111824
  • Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., … Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
  • Janssen, L., Kullberg, M. J., Verkuil, B., van Zwieten, N., Wever, M., van Houtum, L., … Elzinga, B. M. (2020). Does the COVID-19 pandemic impact parents’ and adolescents’ well-being? An EMA-study on daily affect and parenting. PloS One, 15(10), e0240962. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240962
  • Jiao, W. Y., Wang, L. N., & Liu, J. (2020). Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Pediatrics, 221, 264–266.e1. (in press). doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
  • Kassam-Adams, N., García-España, J. F., Miller, V. A., & Winston, F. (2006). Parent-child agreement regarding children’s acute stress: The role of parent acute stress reactions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(12), 1485–1493. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000237703.97518.12
  • Kertz, S. J., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2011). The developmental psychopathology of worry. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(2), 174–197. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0086-3
  • Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002). The PHQ: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatrics Annals, 32(9), 509–515. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-20020901
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  • Landolt, M. A., & Vollrath, M. (1998). Life event scale (Unpublished manuscript). Zurich, Switzerland: University Children’s Hospital Zurich.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lee, J. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 421. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7
  • Liang, L., Ren, H., Cao, R., Hu, Y., Qin, Z., Li, C., & Mei, S. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3
  • Liu, Z., Tang, H., Jin, Q., Wang, G., Yang, Z., Chen, H., … Owens, J. (2020). Sleep of preschoolers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Sleep Research, e13142. doi:10.1111/jsr.13142
  • Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., … Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid systematic review: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218–1239.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009
  • McKinnon, A., Meiser-Stedman, R., Watson, P., Dixon, C., Kassam-Adams, N., Ehlers, A., … Dalgleish, T. (2016). The latent structure of acute stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(11), 1799–1809. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12597
  • Meiser-Stedman, R., Yule, W., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2005). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents involved in assaults or motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1381–1383. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1381
  • Nakamura, B. J., Ebesutani, C., Bernstein, A., & Chorpita, B. F. (2009). A psychometric analysis of the child behavior checklist DSM-oriented scales. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(3), 178–189. doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9119-8
  • Oosterhoff, B., & Palmer, C. (2020). Attitudes and psychological factors associated with news monitoring, social distancing, disinfecting, and hoarding behaviors among US adolescents during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(12), 1184. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1876
  • Poulain, T., Vogel, M., Meigen, C., Spielau, U., Hiemisch, A., & Kiess, W. (2020). Parent-child agreement in different domains of child behavior and health. PloS One, 15(4), e0231462. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231462
  • Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 1–13. doi:10.1037/amp0000660
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Querido, J. G., Eyberg, S. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2001). Revisiting the accuracy hypothesis in families of young children with conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 30(2), 253–261. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3002_12
  • Rapee, R. M., Oar, E. L., Johnco, C. J., Forbes, M. K., Fardouly, J., Magson, N. R., & Richardson, C. E. (2019). Adolescent development and risk for the onset of social-emotional disorders: A review and conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 123, 103501. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103501
  • Rescorla, L. A., Ginzburg, S., Achenbach, T. M., Ivanova, M. Y., Almqvist, F., Begovac, I., … Verhulst, F. C. (2013). Cross-informant agreement between parent-reported and adolescent self-reported problems in 25 societies. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division, 53(2), 262–273. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.717870
  • Richards, P. G., Bertocci, G. E., Bonshek, R. E., Giangrande, P. L., Gregson, R. M., Jaspan, T., … Wade, A. (2006). Shaken baby syndrome. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91(3), 205–206. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.090761
  • Roger, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., … David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(1), 1–17. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
  • Rotter, J. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1), 1–28. doi:10.1037/h0092976
  • Russell, B. S., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R., Tomkunas, A. J., & Horton, A. L. (2020). Initial challenges of caregiving during COVID-19: Caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent-child relationship. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 51(5), 671–682. doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01037-x
  • Sandler, I. N., Kim-Bae, L. S., & MacKinnon, D. (2000). Coping and negative appraisal as mediators between control beliefs and psychological symptoms in children of divorce. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(3), 336–347. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP2903_5
  • Saurabh, K., & Ranjan, S. (2020). Compliance and psychological impact of quarantine in children and adolescents due to Covid-19 pandemic. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87(7), 532–536. doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03347-3
  • Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Myers, L., & Putnam, F. W. (2003). New findings on alternative criteria for PTSD in preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(5), 561–570. doi:10.1097/01.CHI.0000046822.95464.14
  • Schultze-Lutter, F., Schimmelmann, B. G., & Schmidt, S. J. (2016). Resilience, risk, mental health and well-being: Associations and conceptual differences. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(5), 459–466. doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0851-4
  • Sharma, V., Miguel, R. O., & Sharma, N. (2020). Risk and protective factors for adolescent and young adults mental health within the context of COVID-19 a perspective from Nepal. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(135–137). doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.006
  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  • Straussner, S. A. L., & Calnan, A. J. (2014). Trauma through the life cycle: A review of current literature. Clinical Social Work Journal, 42(4), 323–335. doi:10.1007/s10615-014-0496-z
  • Van Roy, B., Groholt, B., Heyerdahl, S., & Clench-Aas, J. (2010). Understanding discrepancies in parent-child reporting of emotional and behavioural problems: Effects of relational and socio-demographic factors. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 56. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-56
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729–1754. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10228), 945–947. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X
  • Weijers, D., Steensel, F. J. A., & Bögels, S. M. (2018). Associations between psychopathology in mothers, fathers and their children: A structural modeling approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(6), 1992–2003. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1024-5
  • Winsper, C., & Wolke, D. (2014). Infant and toddler crying, sleeping and feeding problems and trajectories of dysregulated behavior across childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(5), 831–843. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9813-1
  • Xie, X., Xue, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhu, K., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., & Song, R. (2020). Mental health status among children in home confinement during the Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(9), 898. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1619
  • Zhou, S.-J., Zhang, L.-G., Wang, -L.-L., Guo, Z.-C., Wang, J.-Q., Chen, J.-C., … Chen, J.-X. (2020). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 749–758. doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4