References

• Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
   Google Scholar
• Barthel, D., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Schulte-Markwort, M., Zindler, A., & Klasen, F. (2019). Klinisch-psycologische Diagnostik in einer Flüchtlingsambulanz für Kinder und Jugendliche. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 28(3), 160–12. doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000286
   Google Scholar
• Birkeland, M. S., Greene, T., & Spiller, T. R. (2020). The network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1700614. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1700614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, M. A., & Heeren, A. (2020). Ongoing and future challenges of the network approach to psychopathology: From theoretical conjectures to clinical translations. In G. Asmundson (Ed.), Reference module in neuroscience and biobehavioral psychology (2nd ed., pp. B9780128186978000000). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818697-8.00044-3.
   Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5–13. doi:10.1002/wps.20375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 91–121. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronstein, I., & Montgomery, P. (2011, March 1). Psychological distress in refugee children: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(1), 44–56. doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0081-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, J., Stroebe, M. S., Perrig-Chiello, P., Schut, H. A., Spahni, S., Eisma, M. C., & Fried, E. I. (2020, April 15). Bereavement or breakup: Differences in networks of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, J., van der Veen, D. C., Robinaugh, D. J., Quax, R., Riese, H., Schoevers, R. A., & Epskamp, S. (2020, December). Bridging the gap between complexity science and clinical practice by formalizing idiographic theories: A computational model of functional analysis. BMC Medicine, 18(1), 99. doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01558-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, W., Cheng, J., Allaire, J. J., Xie, Y., & McPherson, J. (2020). Shiny: Web application framework for R [Internet]. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=shiny
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J., & Chen, Z. (2008). Extended Bayesian information criteria for model selection with large model spaces. Biometrika, 95(3), 759–771. doi:10.1093/biomet/asn034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Children and War Foundation. (n.d.). Measures: Cries-13 [Internet]. Retrieved from https://www.childrenandwar.org/projectsresources/measures/
   Google Scholar
• Cramer, A. O. J., Borsboom, D., Aggen, S. H., & Kendler, K. S. (2012, May). The pathoplasticity of dysphoric episodes: Differential impact of stressful life events on the pattern of depressive symptom inter-correlations. Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 957–965. doi:10.1017/S003329171100211X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der kolk, B. A. (2012). Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: Why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 187. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Haan, A., Landolt, M. A., Fried, E. I., Kleinke, K., Alisic, E., Bryant, R., … Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2020). Dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions, posttraumatic stress and depression in children and adolescents exposed to trauma: A network analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(1), 77–87. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deserno, M., Borsboom, D., Begeer, S., van Bork, R., Hinne, M., Geurts, H., & Santana, G. L. (2020, December). Highways to happiness for autistic adults? Perceived causal relations among clinicians. PLoS One, 15(12), e0243298. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S. (2020). Psychonetrics: Structural equation modeling and confirmatory network analysis [Internet]. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psychonetrics
   Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212. doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. I. (2018, December). A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychological Methods, 23(4), 617–634. doi:10.1037/met0000167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Kruis, J., Marsman, M., & Marinazzo, D. (2017, June). Estimating psychopathological networks: Be careful what you wish for. PLoS ONE, 12(6), e0179891. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried, E. I., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2017). Moving forward: Challenges and directions for psychopathological network theory and methodology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 999–1020. doi:10.1177/1745691617705892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2008). Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso. Biostatistics, 9(3), 432–441. doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxm045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierk, B., Kohlmann, S., Kroenke, K., Spangenberg, L., Zenger, M., Brähler, E., & Löwe, B. (2014). The somatic symptom scale–8 (SSS-8): A brief measure of somatic symptom burden. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 399–407. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, F. Y. Y., Chan, C. S., & Tang, K. N. S. (2016, February 1). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for sleep disturbances in treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 90–102. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodes, M., & Vostanis, P. (2019, July). Practitioner review: Mental health problems of refugee children and adolescents and their management. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(7), 716–731. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin, D. E., Stucky, B., Langer, M. M., Thissen, D., DeWitt, E. M., Lai, J.-S., & DeWalt, D. A. (2010). An item response analysis of the pediatric PROMIS anxiety and depressive symptoms scales. Quality of Life Research, 19(4), 595–607. doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9619-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isvoranu, A.-M., Epskamp, S., & Cheung, M. (2020). Network models of post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis [Internet]. PsyArXiv. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8k4u6
   Google Scholar
• Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., & Reed, G. M. (2013). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 12(3), 198–206. doi:10.1002/wps.20057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, E., Sukale, T., Müller, L. R. F., Plener, P. L., Rosner, R., Fegert, J. M., … Unterhitzenberger, J. (2019). The symptom representation of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of unaccompanied and accompanied refugee minors in Germany: A network analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1675990. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1675990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinaugh, D. J., Hoekstra, R. H., Toner, E. R., & Borsboom, D. (2020). The network approach to psychopathology: A review of the literature 2008–2018 and an agenda for future research. Psychological Medicine, 50(3), 353–366. doi:10.1017/S0033291719003404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., & Bohni, M. K. (2008, October). A memory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis. Psychological Review, 115(4), 985–1011. doi:10.1037/a0013397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stander, V. A., Thomsen, C. J., & Highfill-McRoy, R. M. (2014). Etiology of depression comorbidity in combat-related PTSD: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 87–98. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2019). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2019 [Internet]. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5ee200e37.pdf
   Google Scholar
• van der Kolk, B., Ford, J. D., & Spinazzola, J. (2019, December 31). Comorbidity of developmental trauma disorder (DTD) and post-traumatic stress disorder: Findings from the DTD field trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1562841. doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1562841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk, B. A., Pynoos, R. S., Cicchetti, D., Cloitre, M., D’Andrea, W., Ford, J. D., Lieberman, A. F., Putnam, F. W., Saxe, G., Spinazzola, J., Stolbach, B. C., & Teicher, M. (2009). Proposal to include a developmental trauma disorder diagnosis for children and adolescents in DSM-V [Internet]. Retrieved from http://www.cathymalchiodi.com/dtd_nctsn_pdf
   Google Scholar
• Varni, J. W., Magnus, B., Stucky, B. D., Liu, Y., Quinn, H., Thissen, D., & DeWalt, D. A. (2014). Psychometric properties of the PROMIS® pediatric scales: Precision, stability, and comparison of different scoring and administration options. Quality of Life Research, 23(4), 1233–1243. doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0544-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verlinden, E., van Meijel, E. P., Opmeer, B. C., Beer, R., de Roos, C., Bicanic, I. A., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2014). Characteristics of the children’s revised impact of event scale in a clinically referred Dutch sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(3), 338–344. doi:10.1002/jts.21910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, K. M., Britt, T. W., Bliese, P. D., Adler, A. B., Picchioni, D., & Moore, D. (2011). Insomnia as predictor versus outcome of PTSD and depression among Iraq combat veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(12), 1240–1258. doi:10.1002/jclp.20845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar