3,419
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Research Article

The relationship between childhood adversities and complex posttraumatic stress symptoms: a multiple mediation model

La relación entre las adversidades en la infancia y los síntomas de estrés postraumático complejo: un modelo de mediación múltiple

童年期逆境与复杂性创伤后应激症状之间的关系:一个多重中介模型

, , , , , , ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon show all
Article: 1936921 | Received 21 Dec 2020, Accepted 19 May 2021, Published online: 28 Jun 2021

References

  • Aas, M., Pizzagalli, D. A., Laskemoen, J. F., Reponen, E. J., Ueland, T., Melle, I., … Andreassen, O. A. (2019). Elevated hair cortisol is associated with childhood maltreatment and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and in bipolar disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 213, 65–10. doi:10.1016/J.SCHRES.2019.01.011
  • Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
  • Barker, V., Gumley, A., Schwannauer, M., & Lawrie, S. M. (2015). An integrated biopsychosocial model of childhood maltreatment and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry the Journal of Mental Science, 206(3), 177. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.143578
  • Bethell, C. D., Carle, A., Hudziak, J., Gombojav, N., Powers, K., Wade, R., & Braveman, P. (2017). Methods to assess adverse childhood experiences of children and families: Toward approaches to promote child well-being in policy and practice. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7), S51–S69. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.04.161
  • Braehler, C., & Neff, K. (2020). Self-compassion in PTSD. In C. Braehler & K. Neff (Eds.), Emotion in posttraumatic stress disorder (pp. 567–596). Reprinted. Waltham: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-816022-0.00020-X
  • Bretherton, I. (1990). Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11(3), 237–252. doi:10.1002/1097-0355(199023)11:3<237::AID-IMHJ2280110306>3.0.CO;2-X
  • Brockie, T. N., Dana-Sacco, G., Wallen, G. R., Wilcox, H. C., & Campbell, J. C. (2015). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to PTSD, depression, poly-drug use and suicide attempt in reservation-based native american adolescents and young adults [Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(3–4), 411–421. doi:10.1007/s10464-015-9721-3
  • Carvalho, C. B., Sousa, M., Da Motta, C., & Cabral, J. M. (2019). The role of shame, self-criticism and early emotional memories in adolescents’ paranoid ideation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(5), 1337–1345. doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01363-2
  • Chang, C. J., Fehling, K. B., & Selby, E. A. (2020). Sexual minority status and psychological risk for suicide attempt: A serial multiple mediation model of social support and emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00385
  • Cloitre, M. (2020). ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: Simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), 129–131. doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.43
  • Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Maercker, A., … Hyland, P. (2018). The International Trauma Questionnaire: Development of a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 536–546. doi:10.1111/acps.12956
  • Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., Kolk, B. V. D., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408. doi:10.1002/jts.20444
  • Colodro-Conde, L., Couvy-Duchesne, B., Zhu, G., Coventry, W. L., Byrne, E. M., Gordon, S., … Martin, N. G. (2018). A direct test of the diathesis-stress model for depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(7), 1590–1596. doi:10.1038/MP.2017.130
  • Cox, B. J., Fleet, C., & Stein, M. B. (2004). Self-criticism and social phobia in the US national comorbidity survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 227–234. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.012
  • Crapolicchio, E., Vezzali, L., & Regalia, C. (2020). “I forgive myself”: The association between self‐criticism, self‐acceptance, and PTSD in women victims of IPV, and the buffering role of self‐efficacy. Journal of Community Psychology, 49, 252–265. doi:10.1002/jcop.22454
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. doi:10.1007/BF02310555
  • Durkin, M., Beaumont, E., Hollins Martin, C. J., & Carson, J. (2016). A pilot study exploring the relationship between self-compassion, self-judgement, self-kindness, compassion, professional quality of life and wellbeing among UK community nurses. Nurse Education Today, 46, 109–114. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2016.08.030
  • Feinson, M. C., & Hornik-Lurie, T. (2016). ‘Not good enough:’Exploring self-criticism’s role as a mediator between childhood emotional abuse & adult binge eating. Eating Behaviors, 23, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.06.005
  • Finkelhor, D.,Shattuck, A., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2015). A revised inventory of adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.011
  • Fox, B. H., Perez, N., Cass, E., Baglivio, M. T., & Epps, N. (2015). Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.011
  • Frewen, P., Zhu, J., & Lanius, R. (2019). Lifetime traumatic stressors and adverse childhood experiences uniquely predict concurrent PTSD, complex PTSD, and dissociative subtype of PTSD symptoms whereas recent adult non-traumatic stressors do not: Results from an online survey study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1606625. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1606625
  • Gilbert,P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach.In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 3–74). New York: Routledge. (Reprinted).
  • Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 13(6), 353–379. doi:10.1002/cpp.507
  • Ho, G., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Chien, W. T., Inoue, S., Yang, P. J., … Karatzias, T. (2020). The validity of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in East Asian cultures: Findings with young adults from China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Taiwan [Journal Article]. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1717826. doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1717826
  • Ho, G. W. K., Karatzias, T., Cloitre, M., Chan, A. C. Y., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Translation and validation of the Chinese ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10, 1608718. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1608718
  • Hsieh, Y., Shen, A. C., Wei, H., Feng, J., Huang, S. C., & Hwa, H. (2016). Associations between child maltreatment, PTSD, and internet addiction among Taiwanese students. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 209–214. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.048
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kalamatianos, A., & Canellopoulos, L. (2019). A diathesis-stress model conceptualization of depressive symptomatology. Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki, 30(1), 49–57. Reprinted. doi:10.22365/jpsych.2019.301.49
  • Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Fyvie, C., Logan, K., Easton, P., … Shevlin, M. (2019). Is self-compassion a worthwhile therapeutic target for ICD-11 Complex PTSD (CPTSD)? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 47(3), 257–269. doi:10.1017/S1352465818000577
  • Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., … Cloitre, M. (2017). Evidence of distinct profiles of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ). Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 181–187. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.032
  • Krieger, T., Berger, T., & Holtforth, M. G. (2016). The relationship of self-compassion and depression: Cross-lagged panel analyses in depressed patients after outpatient therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.032
  • Lassri, D., Luyten, P., Cohen, G., & Shahar, G. (2016). The effect of childhood emotional maltreatment on romantic relationships in young adulthood: A double mediation model involving self-criticism and attachment. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice & Policy, 8(4), 504. doi:10.1037/tra0000134
  • Lassri, D., Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., & Shahar, G. (2018). Undetected scars? Self-criticism, attachment, and romantic relationships among otherwise well-functioning childhood sexual abuse survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(1), 121. doi:10.1037/tra0000271
  • Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151–173. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
  • Loewenthal, K. M., & Lewis, C. A. (2018). An introduction to psychological tests and scales (2 ed.). New York: Psychology press.
  • Longe, O., Maratos, F. A., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., Volker, F., Rockliff, H., & Rippon, G. (2010). Having a word with yourself: Neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance. Neuroimage, 49(2), 1849–1856. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019
  • Masten, A. S., & Garmezy, N. (1985). Risk, vulnerability, and protective factors in developmental psychopathology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 8, 1–52. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9820-2_1
  • Matsunaga, M. (2008). Item parceling in structural equation modeling: A primer. Communication Methods and Measures, 2(4), 260–293. doi:10.1080/19312450802458935
  • Mcintyre, R., Smith, P., & Rimes, K. A. (2018). The role of self-criticism in common mental health difficulties in students: A systematic review of prospective studies. Mental Health & Prevention, S1535551351. doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2018.02.003
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2009). Statistical analysiswith latent variables. Mplus User's Guide. Retrieved from https://www.statmodel.com/download/usersguide/MplusUsersGuidev6.pdf
  • Naismith, I., Zarate, G. S., & Feigenbaum, J. (2019). Abuse, invalidation, and lack of early warmth show distinct relationships with self-criticism, self-compassion, and fear of self-compassion in personality disorder [Journal Article]. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(3), 350–361. doi:10.1002/cpp.2357
  • Neff, K. D. (2012). The science of self-compassion. Compassion and Wisdom in Psychotherapy, 1, 79–92. Retrieved from https://self-compassion.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/SC-Germer-Chapter.pdf
  • O’Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. E. (2010). Predicting depression, anxiety and self-harm in adolescents: The role of perfectionism and acute life stress. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(1), 52–59. doi:10.1016/J.BRAT.2009.09.008
  • Palic, S., Zerach, G., Shevlin, M., Zeligman, Z., Elklit, A., & Solomon, Z. (2016). Evidence of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) across populations with prolonged trauma of varying interpersonal intensity and ages of exposure. Psychiatry Research, 246, 692–699. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.062
  • Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2018). Do adverse childhood experiences predict adult interpersonal difficulties? The role of emotion dysregulation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 123–133. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.006
  • Porges, S. W. (2017). The pocket guide to the polyvagal theory: The transformative power of feeling safe. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. doi:10.1002/cpp.702
  • Reffi, A. N., Boykin, D. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2019). Examining pathways of childhood maltreatment and emotional dysregulation using self-compassion. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 28(10), 1269–1285. doi:10.1080/10926771.2018.1485810
  • Samios, C., Raatjes, B., Ash, J., Lade, S. L., & Langdon, T. (2020). Meaning in life following intimate partner psychological aggression: The roles of self-kindness, positive reframing, and growth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(7–8), 1567–1586. doi:10.1177/0886260519898437
  • Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., Nischk, D., Hinderer, E., Müller, O., & Rockstroh, B. (2016). Type and timing of adverse childhood experiences differentially affect severity of PTSD, dissociative and depressive symptoms in adult inpatients. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 295. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1004-5
  • Shonkoff, J. P., & Garner, A. S. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), 232–246. doi:10.1542/PEDS.2011-2663
  • Spiliotopoulou, G. (2009). Reliability reconsidered: Cronbach’s alpha and paediatric assessment in occupational therapy. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 56(3), 150–155. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2009.00785.x
  • Spinazzola, J., der Kolk, B., & Ford, J. D. (2018). When nowhere is safe: Interpersonal trauma and attachment adversity as antecedents of posttraumatic stress disorder and developmental trauma disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(5), 631–642. doi:10.1002/jts.22320
  • Stallman, H. M., Ohan, J. L., & Chiera, B. (2018). The role of social support, being present, and self‐kindness in university student psychological distress. Australian Psychologist, (1), 52–59. doi:10.1111/ap.12271
  • Straussner, S. L. A., & Calnan, A. J. (2014). Trauma through the life cycle: A review of current literature. Clinical Social Work Journal, 42(4), 323–335. doi:10.1007/s10615-014-0496-z
  • Suzuki, H., & Tomoda, A. (2015). Roles of attachment and self-esteem: Impact of early life stress on depressive symptoms among Japanese institutionalized children. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 8. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0385-1
  • Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2008). Self‐compassion and PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 21(6), 556–558. doi:10.1002/jts.20374
  • Wang, Y., Lin, P., & Cao, F. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Revised Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 32(9), 760–764. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2018.09.010
  • World Health Organization. (2018). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th Revision) Retrieved from http://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/e
  • Zerach, G., Shevlin, M., Cloitre, M., & Solomon, Z. (2019). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) following captivity: A 24-year longitudinal study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1616488. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1616488
  • Zubin, J., & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability–a new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86(2), 103–126. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.86.2.103