1,961
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Study Protocol

Childhood maltreatment and social functioning in psychotic disorders: a systematic review protocol

Maltrato infantil y funcionamiento social en trastornos psicóticos: protocolo de revisión sistemática

精神障碍中的童年期虐待和社会功能:一项系统综述方案

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 1943872 | Received 07 Jun 2021, Accepted 09 Jun 2021, Published online: 22 Jul 2021

References

  • Adams, R., Ohlsen, S., & Wood, E. (2020). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for the treatment of psychosis: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1711349. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1711349.
  • Alameda, L., Christy, A., Rodriguez, V., De Pablo, G. S., Thrush, M., Shen, Y., … Carr, E. (2021, April 9). Association between specific childhood adversities and symptom dimensions in people with psychosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. Published online. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa199.
  • Alameda, L., Ferrari, C., Baumann, P. S., Gholam-Rezaee, M., Do, K. Q., & Conus, P. (2015). Childhood sexual and physical abuse: Age at exposure modulates impact on functional outcome in early psychosis patients. Psychological Medicine, 45(13), 2727–12. doi:10.1017/S0033291715000690.
  • Alameda, L., Golay, P., Baumann, P. S., Ferrari, C., Do, K. Q., & Conus, P. (2016). Age at the time of exposure to trauma modulates the psychopathological profile in patients with early psychosis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(5). doi:10.4088/JCP.15m09947.
  • Alameda, L., Rodriguez, V., Carr, E., Aas, M., Trotta, G., Marino, P., & Murray, R. M. (2020). A systematic review on mediators between adversity and psychosis: Potential targets for treatment. Psychological Medicine, 50(12), 1966–1976. doi:10.1017/S0033291720002421.
  • Albert, N., Uddin, J., & Nordentoft, M. (2018). Social functioning in patients with first-episode psychosis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(1), 3–4. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30475-3.
  • Alemany, S., Arias, B., Aguilera, M., Villa, H., Moya, J., Ibáñez, M. I., … Fañanás, L. (2011). Childhood abuse, the BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism and adult psychotic-like experiences. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(1), 38–42. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083808.
  • Anstey, K. J., & Hofer, S. M. (2004). Longitudinal designs, methods and analysis in psychiatric research. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(3), 93–104. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01343.x.
  • Bailey, T., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Garcia-Sanchez, A. M., Hulbert, C., Barlow, E., & Bendall, S. (2018). Childhood trauma is associated with severity of hallucinations and delusions in psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(5), 1111–1122. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx161.
  • Bellack, A. S., Green, M. F., Cook, J. A., Fenton, W., Harvey, P. D., Heaton, R. K., … Wykes, T. (2007). Assessment of community functioning in people with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses: A white paper based on an NIMH-sponsored workshop. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(3), 805–822. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl035.
  • Cancel, A., Comte, M., Boutet, C., Schneider, F. C., Rousseau, P.-F., Boukezzi, S., … Fakra, E. (2017). Childhood trauma and emotional processing circuits in schizophrenia: A functional connectivity study. Schizophrenia Research, 184, 69–72. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.003.
  • Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Retrieved April 7, 2021. /handbook/current/chapter-10
  • Couture, S. M., Penn, D. L., & Roberts, D. L. (2006). The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(Suppl 1), S44–S63. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl029.
  • de Bont, P. A. J. M., van Minnen, A., & de Jongh, A. (2013). Treating PTSD in patients with psychosis: A within-group controlled feasibility study examining the efficacy and safety of evidence-based PE and EMDR protocols. Behavior Therapy, 44(4), 717–730. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.07.002.
  • Devoe, D. J., Farris, M. S., Townes, P., & Addington, J. (2019). Interventions and social functioning in youth at risk of psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(2), 169–180. doi:10.1111/eip.12689.
  • Engert, V., Grant, J. A., & Strauss, B. (2020). Psychosocial factors in disease and treatment—A call for the biopsychosocial model. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(10), 996–997. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0364.
  • Engert, V., Kok, B. E., Papassotiriou, I., Chrousos, G. P., & Singer, T. (2017). Specific reduction in cortisol stress reactivity after social but not attention-based mental training. Science Advances, 3(10), e1700495. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700495.
  • Fares-Otero, N. E., Pfaltz, M. C., Estrada-Lorenzo, J.-M., & Rodriguez-Jimenez, R. (2020). COVID-19: The need for screening for domestic violence and related neurocognitive problems. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 130, 433–434. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.015.
  • Fares-Otero, N. E., Trautmann, S., Pfaltz, M. C., & Rodriguez-Jimenez, R. (2021). Letter to the editor: Targeting adverse stress-related consequences of the COVID-19 crisis in individuals with psychotic disorders and childhood maltreatment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 138, 453–455. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.04.031.
  • Fowler, D., Hodgekins, J., & French, P. (2019). Social Recovery Therapy in improving activity and social outcomes in early psychosis: Current evidence and longer term outcomes. Schizophrenia Research, 203, 99–104. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.006.
  • Gan, G., Ma, R., Reichert, M., Giurgiu, M., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Tost, H. (2021). Neural correlates of affective benefit from real-life social contact and implications for psychiatric resilience. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online May 5, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0560.
  • Gianfrancesco, O., Bubb, V. J., & Quinn, J. P. (2019). Treating the “E” in “G × E”: Trauma-informed approaches and psychological therapy interventions in psychosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 10. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00009.
  • Gil, A., Gama, C. S., De Jesus, D. R., Lobato, M. I., Zimmer, M., & Belmonte-de-Abreu, P. (2009). The association of child abuse and neglect with adult disability in schizophrenia and the prominent role of physical neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(9), 618–624. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.02.006.
  • Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373(9657), 68–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61706-7.
  • Green, M. F., Penn, D. L., Bentall, R., Carpenter, W. T., Gaebel, W., Gur, R. C., … Heinssen, R. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1211–1220. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm145.
  • Higgins, J., & Green S. (2011). Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. In: The Cochrane collaboration /handbook/current/chapter-13
  • Higgins, J., & Green, S. (2011). Chapter 9: Summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. In: The Cochrane collaboration. /handbook/current/chapter–09
  • Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2004). Controlling the risk of spurious findings from meta-regression. Statistics in Medicine, 23(11), 1663–1682. doi:10.1002/sim.1752.
  • Hjelseng, I. V., Vaskinn, A., Ueland, T., Lunding, S. H., Reponen, E. J., Steen, N. E., … Aas, M. (2020). Childhood trauma is associated with poorer social functioning in severe mental disorders both during an active illness phase and in remission. Schizophrenia Research. Published online March 25, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.015.
  • Holz, N. E., Tost, H., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2020). Resilience and the brain: A key role for regulatory circuits linked to social stress and support. Molecular Psychiatry, 25(2), 379–396. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0551-9
  • Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356–e366. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4
  • Kelleher, I., Devlin, N., Wigman, J. T. W., Kehoe, A., Murtagh, A., Fitzpatrick, C., & Cannon, M. (2014). Psychotic experiences in a mental health clinic sample: Implications for suicidality, multimorbidity and functioning. Psychological Medicine, 44(8), 1615–1624. doi:10.1017/S0033291713002122
  • Kelleher, I., Wigman, J. T. W., Harley, M., O’Hanlon, E., Coughlan, H., Rawdon, C., … Cannon, M. (2015). Psychotic experiences in the population: Association with functioning and mental distress. Schizophrenia Research, 165(1), 9–14. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.020
  • Kim, D., Kaspar, V., Noh, S., & Nam, J. H. (2006). Sexual and physical abuse among Korean female inpatients with schizophrenia. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(2), 279–289. doi:10.1002/jts.20119
  • Knapp, G., & Hartung, J. (2003). Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Statistics in Medicine, 22(17), 2693–2710. doi:10.1002/sim.1482
  • Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
  • Lardinois, M., Lataster, T., Mengelers, R., Van Os, J., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2011). Childhood trauma and increased stress sensitivity in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123(1), 28–35. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01594.x
  • Larsson, S., Andreassen, O. A., Aas, M., Røssberg, J. I., Mork, E., Steen, N. E., … Lorentzen, S. (2013). High prevalence of childhood trauma in patients with schizophrenia spectrum and affective disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(2), 123–127. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.06.009
  • Lataster, J., Myin-Germeys, I., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., & Van Os, J. (2012). Adversity and psychosis: A 10-year prospective study investigating synergism between early and recent adversity in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(5), 388–399. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01805.x
  • Latham, R. M., Quilter, E., Arseneault, L., Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Newbury, J. B., & Fisher, H. L. (2021). Childhood maltreatment and poor functional outcomes at the transition to adulthood: A comparison of prospective informant- and retrospective self-reports of maltreatment. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(7), Published online September 8, 2020, 1161–1173. doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01926-5
  • Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W. (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health, 152, 157–171. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035
  • Lund, C., Brooke-Sumner, C., Baingana, F., Baron, E. C., Breuer, E., Chandra, P., … Saxena, S. (2018). Social determinants of mental disorders and the Sustainable Development Goals: A systematic review of reviews. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(4), 357–369. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30060-9.
  • Lysaker, P. H., Beattie, N. L., Strasburger, A. M., & Davis, L. W. (2005). Reported history of child sexual abuse in schizophrenia: Associations with heightened symptom levels and poorer participation over four months in vocational rehabilitation. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(12), 790–795. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000188970.11916.76.
  • Lysaker, P. H., Outcalt, S. D., & Ringer, J. M. (2010). Clinical and psychosocial significance of trauma history in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 10(7), 1143–1151. doi:10.1586/ERN.10.36.
  • MaBeth, A., Gumley, A., Schwannauer, M., & Fisher, R. (2011). Attachment states of mind, mentalization, and their correlates in a first-episode psychosis sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 84(1), 42–57. discussion 98-110. doi:10.1348/147608310X530246.
  • Mas, S., Boloc, D., Rodríguez, N., Mezquida, G., Amoretti, S., Cuesta, M. J., … Bernardo, M. (2020). Examining gene-environment interactions using aggregate scores in a first-episode psychosis cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(4), 1019–1025. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa012.
  • Matheson, S. L., Kariuki, M., Green, M. J., Dean, K., Harris, F., Tzoumakis, S., & Laurens, K. R. (2017). Effects of maltreatment and parental schizophrenia spectrum disorders on early childhood social-emotional functioning: A population record linkage study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26(6), 612–623. doi:10.1017/S204579601600055X.
  • McCrory, E. J., De Brito, S. A., Kelly, P. A., Bird, G., Sebastian, C. L., Mechelli, A., … Viding, E. (2013). Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(4), 269–276. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116624.
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Breslau, J., Green, J. G., Lakoma, M. D., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2011). Childhood socio-economic status and the onset, persistence, and severity of DSM-IV mental disorders in a US national sample. Social Science & Medicine, 73(7), 1088–1096. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.011.
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578–591. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012.
  • Misiak, B., Krefft, M., Bielawski, T., Moustafa, A. A., Sąsiadek, M. M., & Frydecka, D. (2017). Toward a unified theory of childhood trauma and psychosis: A comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological and biological findings. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 75, 393–406. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.015.
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G.; PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19621072/
  • Morgan, A. J., Reavley, N. J., Ross, A., Too, L. S., & Jorm, A. F. (2018). Interventions to reduce stigma towards people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 103, 120–133. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.017.
  • Mueser, K. T., Gottlieb, J. D., Xie, H., Lu, W., Yanos, P. T., Rosenberg, S. D., … McHugo, G. J. (2015). Evaluation of cognitive restructuring for post-traumatic stress disorder in people with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(6), 501–508. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147926.
  • Palmier-Claus, J., Berry, K., Darrell-Berry, H., Emsley, R., Parker, S., Drake, R., & Bucci, S. (2016). Childhood adversity and social functioning in psychosis: Exploring clinical and cognitive mediators. Psychiatry Research, 238, 25–32. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.004.
  • Passardi, S., Peyk, P., Rufer, M., Plichta, M., Mueller-Pfeiffer, C., Wingenbach, T. H., … Pfaltz, M. (2018). Impaired recognition of positive emotions in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder, cumulative traumatic exposure, and dissociation. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 87(2), 118–120. doi:10.1159/000486342.
  • Pfaltz, M. C., Passardi, S., Auschra, B., Fares-Otero, N. E., Schnyder, U., & Peyk, P. (2019). Are you angry at me? Negative interpretations of neutral facial expressions are linked to child maltreatment but not to posttraumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1682929. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1682929.
  • Picken, A. L., Berry, K., Tarrier, N., & Barrowclough, C. (2010). Traumatic events, posttraumatic stress disorder, attachment style, and working alliance in a sample of people with psychosis. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 3(10), 775–778. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700495. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20921870/
  • Pothier, W., Cellard, C., Corbière, M., Villotti, P., Achim, A. M., Lavoie, A., & Roy, M.-A. (2019). Determinants of occupational outcome in recent-onset psychosis: The role of cognition. Schizophrenia Research. Cognition, 18, 18. doi:10.1016/j.scog.2019.100158.
  • Pruessner, M., King, S., Veru, F., Schalinski, I., Vracotas, N., Abadi, S., … Joober, R. (2021). Impact of childhood trauma on positive and negative symptom remission in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 231, 82–89. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.02.023.
  • Ramsay, C. E., Flanagan, P., Gantt, S., Broussard, B., & Compton, M. T. (2011). Clinical correlates of maltreatment and traumatic experiences in childhood and adolescence among predominantly African American, socially disadvantaged, hospitalized, first-episode psychosis patients. Psychiatry Research, 188(3), 343–349. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.019.
  • Read, J., Van Os, J., Morrison, A. P., & Ross, C. A. (2005). Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: A literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(5), 330–350. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x.
  • Rodriguez, V., Aas, M., Vorontsova, N., Trotta, G., Gadelrab, R., Rooprai, N. K., & Alameda, L. (2021). Exploring the interplay between adversity, neurocognition, social cognition, and functional outcome in people with psychosis: A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.596949.
  • Rokita, K. I., Dauvermann, M. R., & Donohoe, G. (2018). Early life experiences and social cognition in major psychiatric disorders: A systematic review. European Psychiatry, 53, 123–133. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.06.006.
  • Rokita, K. I., Holleran, L., Dauvermann, M. R., Mothersill, D., Holland, J., Costello, L., … Donohoe, G. (2020). Childhood trauma, brain structure and emotion recognition in patients with schizophrenia and healthy participants. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 15(12), 1325–1339. doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa160.
  • Roy, A. (2005). Reported childhood trauma and suicide attempts in schizophrenic patients. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(6), 690–693. doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.6.690.
  • Ruby, E., Polito, S., McMahon, K., Gorovitz, M., Corcoran, C., & Malaspina, D. (2014). Pathways Associating Childhood Trauma to the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychological and Behavioral Science, 3(1), 1–17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25419548/
  • Ruby, E., Rothman, K., Corcoran, C., Goetz, R. R., & Malaspina, D. (2017). Influence of early trauma on features of schizophrenia. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 11(4), 322–333. doi:10.1111/eip.12239.
  • Sansone, R. A., Leung, J. S., & Wiederman, M. W. (2012). Five forms of childhood trauma: Relationships with employment in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(9), 676–679. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.07.007.
  • Santamaría-García, H., Baez, S., Gómez, C., Rodríguez-Villagra, O., Huepe, D., Portela, M., … Ibanez, A. (2020). The role of social cognition skills and social determinants of health in predicting symptoms of mental illness. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 1–13. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0852-4.
  • Setién-Suero, E., Suárez-Pinilla, P., Ferro, A., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Crespo-Facorro, B., & Ayesa-Arriola, R. (2020). Childhood trauma and substance use underlying psychosis: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1. doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1748342.
  • Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation. BMJ, 349(jan02 1), g7647. doi:10.1136/bmj.g7647.
  • Sheridan, M. A., Shi, F., Miller, A. B., Salhi, C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020). Network structure reveals clusters of associations between childhood adversities and development outcomes. Developmental Science, 23(5), e12934. doi:10.1111/desc.12934
  • Sideli, L., Murray, R. M., Schimmenti, A., Corso, M., La Barbera, D., Trotta, A., & Fisher, H. L. (2020). Childhood adversity and psychosis: A systematic review of bio-psycho-social mediators and moderators. Psychological Medicine, 50(11), 1761–1782. doi:10.1017/S0033291720002172.
  • Stain, H. J., Brønnick, K., Hegelstad, W. T. V., Joa, I., Johannessen, J. O., Langeveld, J., & Larsen, T. K. (2014). Impact of interpersonal trauma on the social functioning of adults with first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(6), 1491–1498. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt166.
  • Stain, H. J., Galletly, C. A., Clark, S., Wilson, J., Killen, E. A., Anthes, L., … Harvey, C. (2012). Understanding the social costs of psychosis: The experience of adults affected by psychosis identified within the second Australian National Survey of Psychosis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(9), 879–889. doi:10.1177/0004867412449060.
  • Swan, S., Keen, N., Reynolds, N., & Onwumere, J. (2017). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress symptoms in psychosis: A systematic review of outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 341. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00341.
  • Teicher, M. H., & Khan, A. (2019). Childhood maltreatment, cortical and amygdala morphometry, functional connectivity, laterality, and psychopathology. Child Maltreatment, 24(4), 458–465. doi:10.1177/1077559519870845.
  • Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2013). Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: A case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(10), 1114–1133. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957.
  • Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016). The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(10), 652–666. doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.111.
  • Thomas, S., Höfler, M., Schäfer, I., & Trautmann, S. (2019). Childhood maltreatment and treatment outcome in psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 140(4), 295–312. doi:10.1111/acps.13077.
  • Thornberry, T. P., & Henry, K. L. (2013). Intergenerational Continuity in Maltreatment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(4), 555–569. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9697-5.
  • Trauelsen, A. M., Bendall, S., Jansen, J. E., Nielsen, H. G., Pedersen, M. B., Trier, C. H., … Simonsen, E. (2016). Childhood adversities: Social support, premorbid functioning and social outcome in first-episode psychosis and a matched case-control group. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(8), 770–782. doi:10.1177/0004867415625814.
  • Trotta, A., Murray, R. M., & Fisher, H. L. (2015). The impact of childhood adversity on the persistence of psychotic symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 45(12), 2481–2498. doi:10.1017/S0033291715000574.
  • Turner, S., Harvey, C., Hayes, L., Castle, D., Galletly, C., Sweeney, S., … Spittal, M. J. (2019). Childhood adversity and clinical and psychosocial outcomes in psychosis. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e78–e78. doi:10.1017/S2045796019000684.
  • Uher, R., & Zwicker, A. (2017). Etiology in psychiatry: Embracing the reality of poly-gene-environmental causation of mental illness. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 121–129. doi:10.1002/wps.20436.
  • Van Den Berg, D., de Bont, P. A. J. M., van der Vleugel, B. M., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., van Minnen, A., & Van Der Gaag, M. (2018). Long-term outcomes of trauma-focused treatment in psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 212(3), 180–182. doi:10.1192/bjp.2017.30.
  • van Minnen, A., van der Vleugel, B. M., Van Den Berg, D. P. G., de Bont, P. A. J. M., de Roos, C., Van Der Gaag, M., & de Jongh, A. (2016). Effectiveness of trauma-focused treatment for patients with psychosis with and without the dissociative subtype of post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 347–348. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.185579.
  • Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., & Bentall, R. P. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 661–671. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs050.
  • Velthorst, E., Fett, A.-K. J., Reichenberg, A., Perlman, G., Van Os, J., Bromet, E. J., & Kotov, R. (2017). The 20-year longitudinal trajectories of social functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(11), 1075–1085. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15111419.
  • Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Mezquida, G., Cuesta, M. J., Pina-Camacho, L., García-Rizo, C., … Salagre, E. (2021). The effect of family environment and psychiatric family history on psychosocial functioning in first-episode psychosis at baseline and after 2 years. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 49, 54–68. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.015.
  • Vila-Badia, R., Butjosa, A., Del Cacho, N., Serra-Arumí, C., Esteban-Sanjusto, M., Ochoa, S., & Usall, J. (2021). Types, prevalence and gender differences of childhood trauma in first-episode psychosis. What is the evidence that childhood trauma is related to symptoms and functional outcomes in first episode psychosis? A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 228, 159–179. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.047.
  • Wang, J., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R., & Johnson, S. (2018). Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 156. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5.
  • Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O’Connell, D., et al. (2008). The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Retrieved April 7. Available: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
  • Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. (2008). The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Available: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
  • Williams, J., Bucci, S., Berry, K., & Varese, F. (2018). Psychological mediators of the association between childhood adversities and psychosis: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 65, 175–196. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.009.
  • World, Health Organization. (2021). Child maltreatment. Retrieved 7 April, 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/childmaltreatment