References
- Alisic, E., Jongmans, M. J., Van Wesel, F., & Kleber, R. J. (2011). Building child trauma theory from longitudinal studies: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(5), 736–747. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.001
- Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335–340. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- Bal, S., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Crombez, G., & Van Oost, P. (2004). Differences in trauma symptoms and family functioning in intra-and extrafamilial sexually abused adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(1), 108–123. doi:10.1177/088620503259053
- Bicanic, I., Snetselaar, H., De Jongh, A., & Van de Putte, E. (2014). Victims’ use of professional services in a Dutch sexual assault centre. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 23645. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23645
- Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748–766. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.748
- Brown, R., Du Mont, J., Macdonald, S., & Bainbridge, D. (2013). A comparative analysis of victims of sexual assault with and without mental health histories. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 9(2), 76–83. doi:10.1097/jfn.0b013e31828106df
- Cohen, J. A. (2010). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(4), 414–430. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.12.020
- Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 577. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.577
- Covers, M. L. V., De Jongh, A., Huntjens, R. J. C., De Roos, C., van den Hout, M., & Bicanic, I. A. (2021). Early intervention with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to reduce the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms in recent rape victims: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1). doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1943188
- Covers, M. L. V., Teeuwen, J., & Bicanic, I. A. E. (2021). Male victims at a Dutch Sexual Assault Center: A comparison to female victims in characteristics and service use. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/08862605211015220
- De Graaf, H., & Wijsen, C. (2017). Seksuele gezondheid in Nederland 2017. https://www.rutgers.nl/sites/rutgersnl/files/PDF-Onderzoek/Seksuele_Gezondheid_in_NL_2017_23012018.Pdf.
- Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0
- Elklit, A., & Brink, O. (2004). Acute stress disorder as a Predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder in physical assault victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(6), 709–726. doi:10.1177/0886260504263872
- Elklit, A., & Christiansen, D. M. (2010). ASD and PTSD in rape victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(8), 1470–1488.
- Elwood, L. S., Smith, D. W., Resnick, H. S., Gudmundsdottir, B., Amstadter, A. B., Hanson, R. F., … Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011). Predictors of rape: Findings from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(2), 166–173. doi:10.1002/jts.20624
- Fairbank, J. A., & Fairbank, D. W. (2009). Epidemiology of child traumatic stress. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11(4), 289–295. doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0042-9
- Gutermann, J., Schreiber, F., Matulis, S., Schwartzkopff, L., Deppe, J., & Steil, R. (2016). Psychological treatments for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents, and young adults: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(2), 77–93. doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0202-5
- Hildenbrand, A. K., Marsac, M. L., Daly, B. P., Chute, D., & Kassam-Adams, N. (2016). Acute pain and posttraumatic stress after pediatric injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(1), 98–107. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv026
- Hiller, R. M., Meiser-Stedman, R., Fearon, P., Lobo, S., McKinnon, A., Fraser, A., & Halligan, S. L. (2016). Research review: changes in the prevalence and symptom severity of child post-traumatic stress disorder in the year following trauma - a meta-analytic study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(8), 884–898. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12566
- Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., … Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(Suppl 5), 1353383. doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
- Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2007). Early predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in assault survivors. Psychological Medicine, 37(10), 1457–1467. doi:10.1017/s0033291707001006
- Langley, A. K., Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Jaycox, L. H., Schonlau, M., Scott, M., … Gegenheimer, K. L. (2013). Trauma exposure and mental health problems among school children 15 months post-Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 6(3), 143–156. doi:10.1080/19361521.2013.812171
- Linning, L. M., & Kearney, C. A. (2004). Post-traumatic stress disorder in maltreated youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(10), 1087–1101. doi:10.1177/0886260504269097
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Evidence reviews on care pathways for adults, children, and young people with PTSD (NICE Guideline Standard No. NG 116. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116. [Google Scholar].
- Oosterbaan, V., Covers, M. L. V., Bicanic, I. A. E., Huntjens, R. J. C., & De Jongh, A. (2019). Do early interventions prevent PTSD? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of early interventions after sexual assault. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1682932. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019/1682932
- Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 52–73. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52
- Pfefferbaum, B., Stuber, J., Galea, S., & Fairbrother, G. (2006). Panic reactions to terrorist attacks and probable posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(2), 217–228. doi:10.1002/jts.20118
- Pine, D. S., & Cohen, J. A. (2002). Trauma in children and adolescents: Risk and treatment of psychiatric sequelae. Biological Psychiatry, 51(7), 519–531. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01352-x
- Ravens-Sieberer, U., Auquier, P., Erhart, M., Gosch, A., Rajmil, L., Bruil, J., … Kilroe, J. (2007). The KIDSCREEN-27 quality of life measure for children and adolescents: Psychometric results from a cross-cultural survey in 13 European countries. Quality of Life Research, 16(8), 1347–1356. doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9240-2
- Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Kenardy, J., & Bisson, J. I. (2009). Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006869.pub2
- Rothbaum, B. O., Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Murdock, T., & Walsh, W. (1992). A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 455–475. doi:10.1002/jts.2490050309
- Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and Behavior. Nature-nurture interplay explained. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
- Scheeringa, M. S., Wright, M. J., Hunt, J. P., & Zeanah, C. H. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 644–651. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.644
- Sinclair, E., Salmon, K., & Bryant, R. A. (2007). The role of panic attacks in acute stress disorder in children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1069–1073. doi:10.1002/jts.20272
- Steenkamp, M. M., Dickstein, B. D., Salters-Pedneault, K., Hofmann, S. G., & Litz, B. T. (2012). Trajectories of PTSD symptoms following sexual assault: Is resilience the modal outcome? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(4), 469–474.
- Tiihonen Möller, A., Bäckström, T., Söndergaard, H. P., & Helström, L. (2014). Identifying risk factors for PTSD in women seeking medical help after rape. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e111136. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111136
- Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 122–138. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001
- Van Meijel, E. P. M., Gigengack, M. R., Verlinden, E., Van der Steeg, A. F. W., Goslings, J. C., Bloemers, F. W., … Lindauer, R. J. L. (2019). Long-term posttraumatic stress following accidental injury in children and adolescents: Results of a 2–4-year follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 26(4), 597–607. doi:10.1007/s10880-019-09615-5
- Verlinden, E., Van Meijel, E. P. M., Opmeer, B. C., Beer, R., De Roos, C., Bicanic, I. A. E., … Lindauer, R. J. L. (2014). Characteristics of the Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale in a clinically referred Dutch sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(3), 338–344. doi:10.1002/jts.21910
- Walker, H. E., Freud, J. S., Ellis, R. A., Fraine, S. M., & Wilson, L. C. (2019). The prevalence of sexual revictimization: A meta-analytic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(1), 67–80. doi:10.1177/1524838017692364
- World Health Organization. (2017). Responding to children and adolescents who have been sexually abused. WHO clinical guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/clinical-response-csa/en/. [Google Scholar].
- Yule, W. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. International Review of Psychiatry, 13(3), 194–200. doi:10.1080/09540260120074064