Multicultural education in the US and UK in the 1980s and beyond: the role of interest convergence-divergence

References

• ACER. (1985). ACER’s Black young writers awards: 1985 winning essays. London: Inner London Education Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. D. (1988). The education of Blacks in the South: 1860–1935. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Asher, N. (2007). Made in the (multicultural) U.S.A.: Unpacking tensions of race, culture, gender, and sexuality in education. Educational Researcher, 36(2), 65–73.
   Google Scholar
• Back, A. (2003). Exposing the “whole segregation myth”: The Harlem Nine and New York City’s school desegregation battles. In J. Theoharis & K. Woodard (Eds.), Freedom North: Black freedom struggles outside the South, 1940–1980 (pp. 65–91). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, C. A. M. (1996). The intergroup education movement. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), Multicultural education, transformative knowledge, and action (pp. 251–277). New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, C. A. M. (2004). Intercultural and intergroup education, 1929–1959: Linking schools and communities. In J. A. Banks & C. A. M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 753–769). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. (1994). An introduction to multicultural education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. (1995). Multicultural education: Historical development, dimensions, and practice. In J. A. Banks & C. A. M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 3–24). New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. (2004). Race, knowledge construction, and education in the United States: Lessons from history. In J. A. Banks & C. A. M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 228–239). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. (2006). Race, culture, and education: The selected works of James A. Banks. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. (2012). Introduction. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), Encyclopedia of diversity in education (pp. xlvii–liii). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A., & Lynch, J. (Eds.). (1986). Multicultural education in western societies. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D. (1980). Brown vs. Board of Education and the interest convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93(3), 518–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, D. A. (2004). Silent covenants: Brown vs. Board of Education and the unfulfilled hopes for racial reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benyon, J. (1984). Scarman and after: Essays reflecting on Lord Scarman’s report, the riots and their aftermath. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berube, M. R., & Gittell, M. (Eds.). (1969). Confrontation at Ocean Hill-Brownsville: The New York school strikes of 1968. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Black, G. (1987, June 7). Britain’s ‘loony left’ may lose Labor voters. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/1987-06-07/opinion/op-712_1_labor-party
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, S., & Platt, L. (2018). Inter-ethnic relations of teenagers in England’s schools: The role of school and neighbourhood ethnic composition. London: Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), University College London.
   Google Scholar
• Caraballo, L. (2009). Interest convergence in intergroup education and beyond: Rethinking agendas in multicultural education. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 11(1), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Urban Educational Studies. (1979). Course 69: Curriculum, community, and the multi-cultural classroom. London: Inner London Education Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Urban Educational Studies. (1980). Course 173: Collaboration and learning in the multi-lingual classroom. London: Inner London Education Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Urban Educational Studies. (1981). Course 594: Meeting needs in the multi-ethnic primary school. London: Inner London Education Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, B., Durkin, E., & Jorgenson, J. (2018, June 5). Chancellor Carranza to desegregation plan foes: You don’t own these classrooms. New York Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/education/ny-school-desegregation-plan-20180605-story.html
   Google Scholar
• Coard, B. (1971). How the West Indian child is made educationally subnormal in the British school system: The scandal of the Black child in schools in Britain. London: New Beacon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Commission for Racial Equality. (1985). Swann: A response from the commission for racial equality. London: The Chameleon Press Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Devine, D. (2018, March 19). Hate crime did spike after the referendum – Even allowing for other factors. London School of Economics Brexit. Retrieved from http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2018/03/19/hate-crime-did-spike-after-the-referendum-even-allowing-for-other-factors/
   Google Scholar
• Fyfe, A., & Figueroa, P. (1993). Education for cultural diversity: The challenge for a new era. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Galamison, R. M. A. (16 March, 1964). [Letter to parent New York City school children]. Box1, Folder 6, Elliot Linzer Collection, Queens College Department of Special Collections and Archives. New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Garrison, L. (1981). Ourselves. London: ACER Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D. (2013). Interest-divergence and the colour of cutbacks: Race, recession and the undeclared war on Black children. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 34(4), 477–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D. (2014). Racism as policy: A critical race analysis of education reforms in the United States and England. The Educational Forum, 78(1), 26–41.
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn, D. (2018). Heads I win, tails you lose: Anti-Black racism as fluid, relentless, individual and systemic. Peabody Journal of Education, 93(1), 66–77.
   Google Scholar
• Gollnick, D. (1978). Multicultural education in teacher education: The state of the scene. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education.
   Google Scholar
• Gollnick, D. (1995). National and state initiatives for multicultural education. In J. Banks & C. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education(pp. 15 - 40). Old Tappan, NJ: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Guinier, L. (2004). From racial liberalism to racial literacy: Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Divergence dilemma. Journal of American History, 91(1), 92–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundara, J. (1982). Lessons from history for Black resistance in Britain. In J. Tierney (Ed.), Race migration and schooling (pp. 44–57). London: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Gundara, J. (2013, December 11). Interview with Jagdish Gundara. London: Institute of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Inner London Education Authority. (1983, July 12). ILEA anti-racist statement. London: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Inner London Education Authority. Minutes of the Ethnic Minorities Section of the Equal Opportunities Sub- Committee of the Inner London Education Authority. (1984, January 17). London: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. (2003). Multicultural policy as social activism: Redefining who “counts” in multicultural education. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 6, 107–121.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. (2013). Segregation or “thinking Black”? Community activism and the development of Black-focused schools in Toronto and London, 1968–2008. Teachers College Record, 115(11), 25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. (2016). Boundary spanners and advocacy leaders: Black educators and race equality work in Toronto and London, 1968–1995. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 15(1), 91–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, L., & Smith, S. (1988). A closer look: An interdisciplinary approach to understanding stereotyping. Brooklyn, NY: New York City Board of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, L., & Smith, S. (1993). Dealing with diversity through multicultural fiction: Library-classroom partnerships. Chicago: American Library Association.
   Google Scholar
• Karp, S. (1995). Trouble over the rainbow. In D. Levine, R. Lowe, B. Peterson, & R. Tenerio (Eds.), Rethinking schools: An agenda for change(pp. 23-36). New York: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kincheloe, J. (1999). The foundations of a democratic educational psychology. In J.L.Kincheloe, S. R. Steinberg, & L. Villaverde (Eds.), Rethinking intelligence: Confronting psychological assumptions about teaching and learning(pp. 1 - 26). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• King, J. E. (2004). Culture-centered knowledge: Black studies, curriculum transformation, and social action. In J. A. Banks & C. A. M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 349–380). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Kuscera, J. (2014). New York State’s extreme school segregation: Inequality, inaction, and a damaged future. Los Angeles: The Civil Rights Project.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (2000). Racialized discourses and ethnic epistemologies. In N. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 257–278). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (2004). Landing on the wrong note: The price we paid for Brown. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (2014). Culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0: A.k.a. the remix. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 74–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London Borough of Brent Education Committee. (1986). Development program for race equality: Purpose and organization. Brent: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Mayo, C. (2004). Disputing the subject of sex: Sexuality and public school controversies. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• “Mayor de Blasio and Chancellor Carranza announce plan to improve diversity at specialized high schools”. (2018, June 3). Retrieved from https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/281-18/mayor-de-blasio-chancellor-carranza-plan-improve-diversity-specialized-high/#/0
   Google Scholar
• McLaren, P. (1997). Revolutionary multiculturalism: Pedagogies of dissent for the new millennium. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meckler, L. (2018, December 13). NYC plan to diversify elite high schools challenged in court. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/nyc-plan-to-diversify-elite-high-schools-challenged-in-court/2018/12/13/37810eb6-ff20-11e8-862a-b6a6f3ce8199_story.html?utm_term=.88fe7f1db8bf
   Google Scholar
• Moll, L., & Gonzalez, N. (2004). Engaging life: A funds-of-knowledge approach to multicultural education. In J. A. Banks & C. A. M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 699–715). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• New York City Board of Education. (1988). Promoting bias-free curriculum materials: A resource guide for staff development. New York: Author.
   Google Scholar
• New York City Board of Education. (1989). Statement of policy on multicultural education and promotion of positive intergroup relations. New York: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Nieto, S. (2017). Re-imagining multicultural education: New visions, new possibilities. Multicultural Education Review, 9(1), 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, R. M. (2015). Clear blue water?: The Conservative Party and the welfare state since 1940. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paris, D. (2012). Culturally sustaining pedagogy: A needed change in stance, terminology, and practice. Educational Researcher, 41(3), 93–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris, D., & Alim, H. S. (2014). What are we seeking to sustain through culturally sustaining pedagogy? A loving critique forward. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 85–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perillo, J. (2012). Uncivil rights: Teachers, unions, and race in the battle for school equity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pinderhughes, H. (1997). Race in the hood: Conflict and violence among urban youth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Podair, J. E. (2002). The strike that changed New York: Blacks, whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville crisis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rampton, A. (1981). West Indian children in our schools: Interim report of the committee of inquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Ravitch, D. (2003). The language police: How pressure groups restrict what students learn. New York: Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Ruddell, D. (1987). Editorial: Birmingham’s new anti-racist multicultural education policy. Multicultural Education Review, 7(Spring–Summer), 2–3.
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, A., Jr. (1991). The disuniting of America: Reflections on a multicultural society. Knoxville, TN.: Whittle Direct Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sleeter, C., & Grant, C. (1987). An analysis of multicultural education in the United States. Harvard Educational Review, 57(4), 421–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soldenwagner, P. (2001). The Inner London Education Authority and its multi- ethnic policy 1977–1982: Origin, development and outcome ( Unpublished master’s thesis). Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Tate, W. F. (1997). Critical race theory and education: History, theory, and implications. Review of Research in Education, 22(1), 195–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. (2001). Knocking at our own door: Milton A. Galamison and the struggle to integrate New York City schools. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Thatcher, M. (1987, October 9). Speech to Conservative Party conference. Thatcher Archives. Retrieved from http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106941
   Google Scholar
• Troyna, B. (1990). Reform or deform? The 1988 Education Reform Act and racial equality in Britain. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 16(3), 403–416.
   Google Scholar
• Troyna, B. (1995). The local management of schools and racial equality. In S. Tomlinson & M. Craft (Eds.), Ethnic relations and schooling: Policy and practice in the 1990s (pp. 140–154). London: Athlone Press.
   Google Scholar
• Warmington, P. (2014). Black British intellectuals and education: Multiculturalism’s hidden history. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Warmington, P., Gillborn, D., Rollock, N., & Demack, S. (2018). “They can’t handle the race agenda”: Stakeholders’ reflections on race and education policy, 1993–2013. Educational Review, 70(4), 409–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar