Climate change and intellectual property rights in Africa: Environmental necessity-economic opportunity

References

• Abdel-Latif, A. 2015. “Intellectual Property Rights and the Transfer of Climate Change Technologies: Issues, Challenges, and Way Forward.” Climate Policy 15 (1): 103–126. doi:10.1080/14693062.2014.951919.
   Google Scholar
• Abdel Latif, A., M. Keith, R. Okediji, J. Reichman, and P. Roffe. 2011. “Overcoming the Impasse on Intellectual Property and Climate Change at the UNFCCC: A Way Forward.” Policy Brief No.11; International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland. www.ictsd.org.
   Google Scholar
• AfDB. 2008. Clean Energy Investment Framework for Africa – Role of the African Development Bank Group. Tunis: Operations Policies and Compliance Department, AfDB.
   Google Scholar
• AfDB. 2014. AfDB Creates African Pilot Climate Technology and Finance Centre with GEF Support. Abidjan: African Development Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Agrawala, S., C. Bordier, V. Schreitter, and V. Karplus. 2012. “Adaptation and Innovation: An Analysis of Crop Biotechnology Patent Data.” OECD Environment Working Paper No. 40, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, T., I. Bashmakov, L. Bernstein, J. Bogner, P. Bosch, R. Dave and K. Halsnaes. 2007. “Summary for Policymakers IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group III.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Barton, J. H. 2007. “Intellectual Property and Access to Clean Energy Technologies in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic, Biofuel and Wind Technologies.” Global Platform on Climate Change, Trade & Sustainable Energy. December 2007. ICTSD Programme on Trade and Environment, Issue Paper No. 2, December 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Blomfield, A., N. Djeraba, and T. Oyesanya. 2016. “The Paris Agreement on Climate Change –Implications for Africa.” King & Spalding Energy Newsletter, February 5.
   Google Scholar
• Bocking, S. 2004. Nature’s Experts: Science, Politics and the Environment. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• CIF. 2015. “New Financing Modalities for the Clean Technology Fund.” Clean Technology Fund Committee Agenda 4, November 2015. https://www-cif.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/default/files/meeting-documents/ctf_16_5_ctf_financing_modalities.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Ribas, A. 2009. “Public Support to Private Innovation in Multi-level Governance Systems: An Empirical Investigation.” Science and Public Policy 36 (6): 457–467. doi: 10.3152/030234209X460953
   Google Scholar
• GIPC. 2012. “The White Paper on the Promotion of Technology Transfer to Developing World.” Accessed April 9, 2014. http://www.theglobalipcenter.com/sites/default/files/reports/documents/Promoting_Tech_Diffusion.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gujba, H., S. Thorne, Y. Mulugetta, K. Rai, and Y. Sokona. 2012. “Financing Low Carbon Energy Access in Africa.” Energy Policy 47 (Suppl. 1): 171–178.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, N., and G. Bryner. 2004. Science and Politics in the International Environment. Latham, MA: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Haub, C., and T. Kaneda. 2013. World Population Data Sheet. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2000. Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer. Edited by B. Metz, O. Davidson, J.-W. Martens, S. van Rooijen, and L. Van Wei McGrory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 432.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
   Google Scholar
• IRENA. 2011. Prospects for the African Power Sector. Abu Dhabi: IRENA.
   Google Scholar
• Israel, C. 2011. “A Survey of the Global Policy Landscape for Green Technology and Intellectual Property.” Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) report No 193.
   Google Scholar
• Karekezi, S., and W. Kithyoma. 2003. “Renewable Energy in Africa: Prospects and Limits.” Paper presented at the Workshop for African Energy Experts on Operationalizing the NEPAD Energy Initiative (Dakar, Senegal, 2–4 June). http://www.gubaswaziland.org/files/documents/resource10.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lanjouw, J. 1997. “The Introduction of Pharmaceutical Product Patents in India: Heartless Exploitation of the Poor and Suffering.” NBER Working Paper 6366.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, J. 2006. International Technology Transfer Experiences in China’s Electricity and Transport Sectors. Arlington: Pew Centre on Global Climate Change.
   Google Scholar
• McCalman, P. 2001. “Reaping What You Sow: An Empirical Analysis of International Patent Harmonization.” Journal of International Economics 55 (1): 161–186. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1996(01)00091-5
   Google Scholar
• Mikler, J., and N. E. Harrison. 2012. “Varieties of Capitalism and Technological Innovation for Climate Change Mitigation.” New Political Economy 17 (2): 179–208. doi: 10.1080/13563467.2011.552106
   Google Scholar
• Newell, R. G. 2009. “International Climate Technology Strategies.” In Climate Change Policy beyond Kyoto, edited by J. Aldy and R. Stavins, 403–438. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ockwell, D. G., J. Watson, G. MacKerron, P. Pal, and F. Yamin. 2008. “Key policy considerations for facilitating low carbon technology transfer to developing countries.” Energy Policy 36 (11), 4104–4115.
   Google Scholar
• Ockwell, D., L. Whitmarsh, and S. O'Neill. 2009. Reorienting climate change communication for effective mitigation: forcing people to be green or fostering grass-roots engagement?. Science Communication.
   Google Scholar
• Ockwell, D. G., R. Haum, A. Mallett, and J. Watson. 2010. “Intellectual property rights and low carbon technology transfer: Conflicting discourses of diffusion and development.” Global Environmental Change 20 (4): 729–738.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2004. “Patents and Innovation: Trends and Challenges.” OECD report.
   Google Scholar
• Piebalgs, Andris. 2010. “Renewable Energy in Africa From Vast Potential to Reliable Energy Source.” Speech at the Africa-EU Energy Partnership’s Ministerial High Level Meeting (Vienna, 14 September). http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/sites/default/files/speech_renewable_energy.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M. E., and C. V. Linde. 1995. “Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate.” Harvard Business Review 5 (3): 120–123.
   Google Scholar
• Radka, M. 2013. “Climate Technology Centre and Network.” UNFCCC COP19 Side Event: “New Solutions of Climate Mitigation in South & North; NGOs Voices on the Technology Mechanism” organized by International Network for Sustainable Energy INFORSE - AIWC –HELIO. 18th November, 2013 - Warsaw, Poland.
   Google Scholar
• REN21. 2013. Renewables 2013 Global Status Report. Paris: REN21 Secretariat.
   Google Scholar
• REN21. 2016. Renewables 2016 Global Status Report. Paris: REN21 Secretariat.
   Google Scholar
• Sagar, A. D., C. Bremner, and M. Grubb. 2009. “Climate Innovation Centres: A partnership approach to meeting energy and climate challenges.” In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 274–284). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Sathaye, J., E. Holt, and S. De La Rue du Can. 2005. “Overview of IPR Practices for Publicly Funded Technologies.” LBNL Report No. 59072. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Schiermeier, Q. 2010. Green patents corralled. Nature 465 (7294): 21. doi:10.1038/465021a
   Google Scholar
• SBSTA. 2006. “Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.” Synthesis report on technology needs identified by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention, FCCC/SBSTA/2006/INF.1. United Nations, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Sonntag-O’Brien, V., and E. Usher. 2006. “Mobilizing Finance for Renewable Energies.” In Renewable Energy: A Global Review of Technologies, Policies and Markets, 169–195. London: Earthcan.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, N. H. 2007. The economics of climate change: the Stern Review. Cambridge University press.
   Google Scholar
• UNDESA. 2008. “Climate Change: Technology Development and Technology Transfer.” Background paper prepared for the Beijing High-level Conference on Climate Change: Technology Development and Technology Transfer, Beijing, China, 7–8 November 2008.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP and EPO. 2013. Patents and Clean Energy Technologies in Africa. Munich: UNEP and EPO.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP, EPO and ICTSD. 2010. Patents and Clean Energy: Bridging the Gap between Evidence and Policy. Munich: UNEP, EPO and ICTSD. Mediengruppe Universal.
   Google Scholar
• WIPO. 2012. “Patent Landscape Report on Solar Cooling Technologies.” WIPO Publication No. 948/3E. World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/freepublications/en/patents/948/wipo_pub_948_3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WIPO and Cambridge IP. 2011. “Desalination Technologies and the use of Alternative Energies for Desalination.” WIPO Publication No. 948/2E. WIPO in cooperation with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2008. Development and Climate Change: A Strategic Framework for the World Bank Group. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar