A guiding framework for enhancing database security in state-owned universities in Zimbabwe

References

• Ablon, Lillian. 2018. “Data Thieves: The Motivations of Cyber Threat Actors and Their Use and Monetization of Stolen Data.” Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. Accessed at www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT490.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ahlan, Abdul Rahman, Muharman Lubis, and Arif Ridho Lubis. 2015. “Information Security Awareness at the Knowledge-Based Institution: Its Antecedents and Measures.” Procedia Computer Science 72: 361–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.151.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Mohannadi, Hamad, Qublai Mirza, Anitta Namanya, Irfan Awan, Andrea Cullen, and Jules Disso. 2016. “Cyber-Attack Modeling Analysis Techniques: An Overview.” In Proceedings – 2016 4th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud Workshops, W-FiCloud 2016, 69–76. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. doi:10.1109/W-FiCloud.2016.29.
   Google Scholar
• Aldawood, Hussain, and Geoffrey Skinner. 2019. “Reviewing Cyber Security Social Engineering Training and Awareness Programs-Pitfalls and Ongoing Issues.” Future Internet 11 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11030073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asean. 2014. “ASEAN Investment Report 2013-2014: FDI Development and Regional Value Chains.” Jakarta 12110. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/unctad_asean_air2014d1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Basharat, Iqra, and Abdul Wahab Muzaffar. 2012. “Database Security and Encryption: A Survey Study.” International Journal of Computer Applications 47.
   Google Scholar
• Cacciattolo, Marcelle. 2015. “Ethical Considerations in Research.” The Praxis of English Language Teaching and Learning (PELT): Beyond the Binaries: Researching Critically in EFL Classrooms, 55–73. doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-112-0_4.
   Google Scholar
• *Chabrow, E. 2015. “China Blamed for Penn State Breach - Hackers Remained Undetected for More than Two Years.” Data Breach Today, May 15, 2015. http://www.databreachtoday.com/china-blamed-for-penn-state-breach-a-8230.
   Google Scholar
• Cherdantseva, Yulia. 2014. “Secure *BPMN – A Graphical Extension for BPMN 2.0 Based on a Reference Model of Information Assurance & Security.” PhD diss., Cardiff University. http://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/74432.
   Google Scholar
• CNBC. 2014. “Hackers Target Colleges to Steal Personal Data, University Research.” CNBC, August 21. https://www.cnbc.com/2014/08/21/hackers-target-colleges-to-steal-personal-data-university-research.html.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Louis, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrison. 2017. Research Methods in Education. Research Methods in Education. doi:10.4324/9781315456539.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, Lori, and Bernice M Purcell. 2015. “Data Breaches in Higher Education.” Journal of Business Cases and Applications 15 (15): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Comber, C., A. Colley, D. J. Hargreaves, L. Dorn. 1997. "The Effects of Age, Gender and Computer Experience upon Computer Attitudes." Educational Research 39 (2): 123–133. doi:10.1080/0013188970390201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdGuards. 2018. “Brief History of Higher Education Insecurity.” Accessed at https://edguards.com/wp/a-brief-history-of-higher-education-insecurity/.
   Google Scholar
• ENISA. 2019. “ENISA Threat Landscape Report 2018 15 Top Cyberthreats and Trends.” doi:10.2824/622757.
   Google Scholar
• Financial Gazette. 2017. “Harare Institute of Technology Allegedly Hit with Cyber Attack,” June 20, 2017. https://www.financialgazette.co.zw/harare-institute-of-technology-allegedly-hit-with-cyber-attack/.
   Google Scholar
• Frazer, L., and M. Lawley. 2001. Questionnaire Design and Administration. Brisbane: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Fontes, Edison Luiz Gonçalves, and Antonio José Balloni. 2007. “Innovations and Advanced Techniques in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering.” Innovations and Advanced Techniques in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering September: 163–166. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6268-1_30.
   Google Scholar
• Gay, Mills. 2016. Quantitative Research Relies on the Collection and Analysis of Numerical Data to Describe, Explain, Predict, or Control Variables and Phenomena of Interest. New York: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Gocha, Munyaradzi, Samuel Musungwini, and Lockias Chitanana. 2014. “The Use of Information Communication Technology by A-Level Teachers in Selected Secondary Schools in Gweru, Zimbabwe.” Journal of Technology Management 1 (1): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Halevi, Tzipora, Nasir Memon, James Lewis, Ponnurangam Kumaraguru, Sumit Arora, Nikita Dagar, Fadi Aloul, and Jay Chen. 2016. “Cultural and Psychological Factors in Cyber-Security.” ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, no. November: 318–24. doi:10.1145/3011141.3011165.
   Google Scholar
• Hashim, Hassan Bediar. 2018. “Challenges and Security Vulnerabilities to Impact on Database Systems.” Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 29 (2): 117. doi:10.23851/mjs.v29i2.332.
   Google Scholar
• Horne, Craig A., Atif Ahmad, and Sean B. Maynard. 2016. “A Theory on Information Security A Theory on Information Security A Theory on Information Security.” 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, Ayub. 2012. “Evaluation of Data Security Measures in a Network Environment Towards Developing Cooperate Data Security Guidelines.” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 3 (3): 106–9. https://doi.org/10.14569/ijacsa.2012.030318.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, N. H, and A Khalid. 2016. “A Survey of Cloud Computing Security Challenges and Solutions.” International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security 14 (1): 52–56. http://search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/docview/1764183503?accountid=27965.
   Google Scholar
• Imperva. 2015. “Top Ten Database Security Threats.” Accessed at https://informationsecurity.report/Resources/Whitepapers/e763d022-6ee4-4215-9efd-1896b0d9c381_wp_topten_database_threats%20imperva.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Telecommunication Union, O.E.C.D. 2011. M-Government: Mobile Technologies for Responsive Governments and Connected Societies. Paris. doi:10.1787/9789264118706-en.
   Google Scholar
• Iyamu, Tiko, and Yandiswa Ngqame. 2017. “Towards a Conceptual Framework for Protection of Personal Information from the Perspective of Activity Theory.” South African Journal of Information Management 19 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v19i1.867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqra, Basharat, Azam Farooque, and Muzaffar Wahab Abdul. 2012. “Database Security and Encryption: A Survey Study.” International Journal of Computer Applications 47 (12): 975–888. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.258.8172&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jain, Swati, and Dimple Chawla. 2020. “A Relative Study on Different Database Security Threats and Their Security Techniques.” International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5 (1): 794–799. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.11657.60000.
   Google Scholar
• Kay, R., D. Benzimra, and J. Li. 2017. “Exploring Factors That Influence Technology-Based Distractions in Bring Your Own Device Classrooms.” Journal of Educational Computing Research 55 (7): 974–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krombholz, K., H. Hobel, M. Huber, and E. Weippl. 2015. “Advanced Social Engineering Attacks.” Journal of Information Security and Applications, 22, 113–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kshetri, Nir. 2015. “Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Issues in the BRICS Economies.” Journal of Global Information Technology Management 18 (4): 245–249. doi:10.1080/1097198X.2015.1108093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kshetri, Nir. 2019. “Cybercrime and Cybersecurity in Africa.” Journal of Global Information Technology Management 22 (2): 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2019.1603527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Che-wei., Peng Huang, and Henry C. Lucas Jr. 2020. “Centralized IT Decision Making and Cybersecurity Breaches: Evidence from U.S. Higher Education Institutions.” Journal of Management Information Systems 37 (3): 758–787. doi:10.1080/07421222.2020.1790190.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Che-Wei, Peng Huang and Henry C. Lucas. 2016. “IT Governance, Security Outsourcing, and Cybersecurity Breaches: Evidence from the U.S. Higher Education.” doi:10.2139/ssrn.2850178.
   Google Scholar
• Madondo, Tinos. 2017. “Exploring Cyber Security Threats in Zimbabwe.” Policy Brief No. 8, November 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Mahlangu, Gilbert, Samuel Musungwini, and Sindiso Nleya. 2018. “An Algorithm for Using Internet of Things (IoTs) to Improve Load Management in Electric Power Grid.” International Journal of Computer Applications 179 (35): 10–17. doi:10.5120/ijca2018916786.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, Mubina. 2019. “Database Security – Attacks and.” doi:10.5121/ijist.2016.6218.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, Mubina, and Trisha Patel. 2016. “Database Security – Attacks and Control Methods.” International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques 6 (1/2): 175–183. doi:10.5121/ijist.2016.6218.
   Google Scholar
• Mello, Samantha. 2018. “Data Breaches in Higher Education Institutions.” University of New Hampshire, Durham. https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1407&context=honors.
   Google Scholar
• Moghaddasi, Hamid, Samad Sajjadi, and Mehran Kamkarhaghighi. 2016. “Reasons in Support of Data Security and Data Security Management as Two Independent Concepts: A New Model.” The Open Medical Informatics Journal 10 (1): 4–10. doi:10.2174/1874431101610010004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mybroadband. 2016. “South African University Website Hacked.” May 13. Accessed at https://mybroadband.co.za/news/security/165004-south-african-university-website-hacked-by-anonymous.html.
   Google Scholar
• Naveh, Gali. 2015. “Information Technology in Higher Education Teaching: Much Ado About Nothing?” CSEDU 2015 – 7th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, Proceedings 2: 450–454. doi:10.5220/0005486904500454.
   Google Scholar
• Nokhbeh Zaeem, Razieh, Monisha Manoharan, Yongpeng Yang, and K. Suzanne Barber. 2017. “Modeling and Analysis of Identity Threat Behaviors Through Text Mining of Identity Theft Stories.” Computers and Security 65 (March): 50–63. doi:10.1016/j.cose.2016.11.002.
   Google Scholar
• Pawlak, Patryk, and Gergana Petkova. 2015. “State-Sponsored Hackers: Hybrid Armies?” European Union Institute for Security Studies. doi:10.2815/341983.
   Google Scholar
• Pindula. 2017. “HIT and Nust Websites Hacked.” Accessed at https://news.pindula.co.zw/2017/06/22/hit-nust-websites-hacked/.
   Google Scholar
• Qiang, C. Z.-W., G. R. Clarke, and N. Halewood. 2006. The Role of ICT in Doing Business. Information and Communications for Development Global Trends and Policies. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6346-1.
   Google Scholar
• Rajguru, Shagufta, and Deepak Sharma. 2014. “Countermeasures to Database Security: A Survey.” International Journal of Computer Applications 87 (7): 1–5. doi:10.5120/15217-3722
   Google Scholar
• Raymond, Mugyenyi. 2017. “Analysing Information Systems Security in Higher Learning Institutions of Uganda.” International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research 6 (10): 385–392.
   Google Scholar
• Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. 2021. “National Payment Systems: Risk Based Guideline On Cybersecurity.” Accessed at https://www.rbz.co.zw/documents/nps/2021/NPS-CYBER-SECURITY-FRAMEWORK-20210427.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, Anderson. 2008. Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ruvinga, Caroline, Lawrence Ruvinga, Munyaradzi Zhou, Samuel Musungwini, and Tinashe Gwendolyn Zhou. 2014. “Laying Foundation for Software Development Industry in Zimbabwe.” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Technology (IJARCST 2014) 2 (1). Accessed at http://ir.msu.ac.zw:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11408/3445/Layingfoundation for software development.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
   Google Scholar
• Safa, N. S. 2019. “Deterrence and Prevention-Based Model to Mitigate Information Security Insider Threats in Organisations.” Future Generation Computer Systems, 97, 587–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sani, Habiba, and Muhammad Yabo. 2015. “A Database System Security Framework.” International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 7 (6): 165–174. doi:10.5121/ijcsit.2015.7614.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, Shwadhin. 2020. “I Want It My Way: Using Consumerism and Neutralization Theory to Understand Students’ Cyberslacking Behavior.” International Journal of Information Management 53 (August). doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102131.
   Google Scholar
• Sarmah, Simanta Shekhar. 2019. “Database Security –Threats & Prevention.” International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 67 (5): 46–53. https://doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v67i5p108
   Google Scholar
• Straumshein, C. 2015. “A Playground for Hackers.” Inside Higher Ed. Accessed at https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/07/06/pennsylvania-state-u-cyberattackspossibly-part-larger-trend-experts-say
   Google Scholar
• Techzim. 2017. “Harare Institute of Technology Allegedly Hit with Cyber Attack.” Accessed at https://www.techzim.co.zw/2017/06/hit-allegedly-hit-cyber-attack/.
   Google Scholar
• The Ugandan. 2017. “Makerere System Hacked, 50 Students Deleted from 2017 Graduation List.” The Ugandan. https://thelocal.ug/makerere-system-hacked-50-students-deleted-from-2017-graduation-list/.
   Google Scholar
• Tsokota, Theo, Samuel Musungwini, and Amanda Mutembedza. 2020. “A Strategy to Enhance Consumer Trust in the Adoption of Mobile Banking Applications.” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 0 (0): 1–16. doi:10.1080/20421338.2020.1829352.
   Google Scholar
• Ulven, Joachim Bjørge, and Gaute Wangen. 2021. “A Systematic Review of Cybersecurity Risks in Higher Education.” Future Internet 13 (2): 39. doi:10.3390/fi13020039.
   Google Scholar
• Utami, Ema, and Suwanto Raharjo. 2014. “Database Security – Attacks and Control Methods.” International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 2014 (Fisma 2014): 1–11. doi:10.5121/ijist.2016.6218.
   Google Scholar
• Utami, Ema, Stmik Amikom Yogyakarta, Suwanto Raharjo, and Teknologi Akprind Yogyakarta. 2016. “Database Security Model in the Academic Information System.” doi:10.14257/ijsia.2014.8.3.18.
   Google Scholar
• Van Niekerk, Brett. 2017. “An Analysis of Cyber-Incidents in South Africa.” The African Journal of Information and Communication 20: 113–132. doi:10.23962/10539/23573.
   Google Scholar
• Venter, Isabella M., Rénette J. Blignaut, Karen Renaud, and M. Anja Venter. 2019. “Cyber Security Education is as Essential as ‘the Three R’s’.” Heliyon 5 (12): 0–7. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02855.
   Google Scholar
• Verizon. 2017. “2017 Data Breach Investigations Report Tips on Getting the Most from This Report.” Verizon Business Journal. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
   Google Scholar
• White, H. D. 2007. “Combining Bibliometrics, Information Retrieval, and Relevance Theory, Part 2: Some Implications for Information Science.” Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 58 (4): 583–605. doi.org/10.1002/asi.20542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. 2020. “Why Investors Should Care about Cyber Breaches.” World Economic Forum: Global Risks Report, 2020. Accessed at https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risk_Report_2020.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yojana, Sharma. 2018. Hundreds of Universities Targeted in Global Data Steal. University World News.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Munyaradzi, Marlien Herselman, and Alfred Coleman. 2015. “USSD Technology a Low Cost Asset in Complementing Public Health Workers’ Work Processes.” Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 9044: 57–64. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16480-9_6.
   Google Scholar