Drivers of value addition and product upgrading to shea nuts by collectors in northern Uganda

References

• Adams, A. M., I. Abudulai, and M. Bashiru. 2016. “The Shea Industry and Rural Livelihoods among Women in the Wa Municipality, Ghana.” Journal of Social Science Studies 3 (2): 40–56. doi:10.5296/jsss.v3i2.8706.
   Google Scholar
• Adégbidi, A., A. K. Aoudji, C. Avocevou-Ayisso, C. Gbénou, and P. Lebailly. 2017. “Upgrading Opportunities in Agricultural Value Chains: Lessons from the Analysis of the Consumption of Processed Pineapple Products in Southern Benin.” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 9 (6): 729–737. doi:10.1080/20421338.2016.1163472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adekambi, S. A., P. T. Ingenbleek, and H. C. Van Trijp. 2018. “Integrating Bottom-of-the-Pyramid Producers with High-Income Markets: Designing Institutional Arrangements for West African Shea Nut Butter Producers.” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 37 (2): 327–341. doi:10.1177/2F0743915618813117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agúndez, D., T. Nouhoheflin, O. Coulibaly, M. Soliño, and R. Alía. 2019. “Local Preferences for Shea Nut and Butter Production in Northern Benin: Preliminary Results.” Forests 11 (1): 13. doi:10.3390/f11010013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akite, I., D. M. Okello, J. Lamo, A. Kasharu, and B. Mugonola. 2021. “Determinants of Non-technological Upgrading Strategies for Rice Market Improvements in Uganda.” Scientific African 14: e01030.
   Google Scholar
• Awo, M. A., and K. A. Anaman. 2015. “Political Economy Analysis of the Production and Marketing of Shea Nut Products by Women in the Northern Region of Ghana.” Research in World Economy 6 (4): 1–17. http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/24754.
   Google Scholar
• Bello-Bravo, J., P. N. Lovett, and B. R. Pittendrigh. 2015. “The Evolution of Shea Butter's ‘Paradox of Paradoxa’ and the Potential Opportunity for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to Improve Quality, Market Access and Women's Livelihoods Across Rural Africa.” Sustainability 7 (5): 5752–5772. doi:10.3390/su7055752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biurrun, A., M. D. R. Castilho, R. Marín, and C. Quirós. 2021. “Upgrading and Inequality in Global Value Chains: Challenges for Inclusive and Sustainable Development.” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 1–12. doi:10.1080/20421338.2021.1936889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bup, D. N., A. M. Mohagir, C. Kapseu, and Z. Mouloungui. 2014. “Production Zones and Systems, Markets, Benefits and Constraints of Shea (Vitellaria Paradoxa Gaertn) Butter Processing.” OCL 21 (1): D206. doi:10.1051/ocl/2013045.
   Google Scholar
• Cochran, W. G. 1963. Sampling Techniques. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Donkor, E., S. Onakuse, J. Bogue, and I. de los Rios Carmenado. 2018. “Promoting Value Addition among Farmers in the Cassava Food Value Chain in Nigeria.” British Food Journal 120 (9): 2047–2065. doi:10.1108/BFJ-01-2018-0030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias, M., and S. Arora-Jonsson. 2017. “Negotiating Across Difference: Gendered Exclusions and Cooperation in the Shea Value Chain.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 35 (1): 107–125. doi:10.1177/2F0263775816657084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias, M., and M. Saussey. 2013. “‘The Gift That Keeps on Giving’: Unveiling the Paradoxes of Fair Trade Shea Butter.” Sociologia Ruralis 53 (2): 158–179. doi:10.1111/soru.12007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris, R. S. B., C. Collinson, K. Wanda, J. Jagwe, and P. Wright. 2001. Evaluating the Marketing Opportunities for Shea Nut and Shea Nut Processed Products in Uganda. Technical Report, Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Fessehaie, J. 2013. “The Impact of Privatisation on Technological Upgrading: A Case Study.” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 5 (6): 499–509. doi:10.1080/20421338.2013.820456.
   Google Scholar
• Fontaine, C., P. N. Lovett, H. Sanou, J. Maley, and J. M. Bouvet. 2004. “Genetic Diversity of the Shea Tree (Vitellaria Paradoxa CF Gaertn), Detected by RAPD and Chloroplast Microsatellite Markers.” Heredity 93 (6): 639–648. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garba, I. D., S. A. Sanni, and C. O. Adebayo. 2015. “Analyzing the Structure and Performance of Shea Butter Market in Bosso and Borgu Local Government Areas of Niger State, Nigeria.” International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology 8 (2): 321–336.
   Google Scholar
• Gashaw, B. A., D. G. Habteyesus, and Z. S. Nedjo. 2018. “Determinants of Coffee Value Addition by Smallholder Farmers in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.” The International Journal of Business Management and Technology 2 (4): 112–123.
   Google Scholar
• Glew, D., and P. N. Lovett. 2014. “Life Cycle Analysis of Shea Butter use in Cosmetics: From Parklands to Product, Low Carbon Opportunities.” Journal of Cleaner Production 68: 73–80. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyau, A., S. Franzel, M. Chiatoh, G. Nimino, and K. Owusu. 2014. “Collective Action to Improve Market Access for Smallholder Producers of Agroforestry Products: Key Lessons Learned with Insights from Cameroon's Experience.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6: 68–72. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.10.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, J., M. V. Wijk, T. Pagella, P. Carpena, T. Skirrow, and V. Dauncey. 2019. “Shea Butter: A Pro-Poor, Pro-Female Route to Increased Income.” In The Climate-Smart Agriculture Papers: Investigating the Business of a Productive, Resilient and Low Emission Future, edited by T. S. Rosenstock, A. Nowak, and E. Girvetz, 215–226. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Hans, T., A. Taruvinga, and A. Mushunje. 2018. “Honey Value Addition Initiatives Selection Choices among Smallholder Beekeepers: Case of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.” Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 5 (3): 215–221.
   Google Scholar
• Hatskevich, A., V. Jenicek, and S. A. Darkwah. 2011. “Shea Industry–a Means of Poverty Reduction in Northern Ghana.” Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 44 (4): 223–228.
   Google Scholar
• Honfo, G. F., A. R. Linnemann, M. Guo, N. Akissoe, M. M. Soumanou, and T. van Boekel. 2017. “Influence of Roasting of Shea Kernels on Their Fat Content and Some Quality Characteristics of Shea Butter.” International Journal of Food Studies 6: 66–80. doi:10.5296/jfs.v6i1.10881.
   Google Scholar
• Kabiru, S. M., and T. S. Ayanfunke. 2018. “Utilisation of Modern Processing Technologies among Shea Butter Processors in Niger State, Nigeria.” Journal of Agricultural Extension 22 (2): 97–109. doi:10.4314/jae.v22i2.9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplinsky, R., and M. Morris. 2000. A Handbook for Value Chain Research. 113 vols. Brighton: University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Karambiri, M., M. Elias, B. Vinceti, and A. Grosse. 2017. “Exploring Local Knowledge and Preferences for Shea (Vitellaria Paradoxa) Ethnovarieties in Southwest Burkina Faso Through a Gender and Ethnic Lens.” Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 26 (1): 13–28. doi:10.1080/14728028.2016.1236708.
   Google Scholar
• Kent, R. 2018. ““Helping” or “Appropriating”? Gender Relations in Shea Nut Production in Northern Ghana.” Society & Natural Resources 31 (3): 367–381. doi:10.1080/08941920.2017.1382626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, R., C. Bakaweri, and N. Poole. 2014. “Facilitating Entry Into Shea Processing: A Study of Two Interventions in Northern Ghana.” Food Chain 4 (3): 201–224.
   Google Scholar
• Khoza, T. M., G. M. Senyolo, V. M. Mmbengwa, and P. Soundy. 2019. “Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Smallholder Farmers’ Decision to Participate in Agro-Processing Industry in Gauteng Province, South Africa.” Cogent Social Sciences 5 (1): 1664193. doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1664193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodua, T. T., J. Ankamah, and M. Addae. 2018. “Assessing the Profitability of Small Scale Local Shea Butter Processing: Empirical Evidence from Kaleo in the Upper West Region of Ghana.” Cogent Food & Agriculture 4: 1453318. doi:10.1080/23311932.2018.1453318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kombiok, E., and O. Agbenyega. 2017. “The Characteristics of Financing Arrangements for the Production and Marketing of Shea (Vitellaria Paradoxa) Butter in Tamale in the Northern Region of Ghana.” Southern Forests: A Journal of Forest Science 79 (2): 153–160. doi:10.2989/20702620.2016.1255403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovett, P. N. 2015. “Shea Butter: Properties and Processing for Use in Food.” Chap. 5 In Specialty Oils and Fats in Food and Nutrition: Properties, Processing and Applications, edited by G. Talbot, 125–158. London: Woodhead Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• MAAIF. 2015. Agriculture for Food and Income Security. Agriculture Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan: 2015/16–2020/21. Kampala, Uganda: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries-MAAIF.
   Google Scholar
• Maku, M., E. Kitambo, and B. Mugonola. 2022. “Drivers of Youth Participation in Maize Value Addition in Gulu District, Uganda.” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 1–14. doi:10.1080/20421338.2021.2015171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugonola, B., J. Deckers, J. Poesen, M. Isabirye, and E. Mathijs. 2013. “Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Technologies in the Rwizi Catchment of South Western Uganda.” International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11 (3): 264–281. doi:10.1080/14735903.2012.744906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naughton, C. C., P. N. Lovett, and J. R. Mihelcic. 2015. “Land Suitability Modeling of Shea (Vitellaria Paradoxa) Distribution Across sub-Saharan Africa.” Applied Geography 58: 217–227. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngenoh, E., B. K. Kurgat, H. K. Bett, S. W. Kebede, and W. Bokelmann. 2019. “Determinants of the Competitiveness of Smallholder African Indigenous Vegetable Farmers in High-Value Agro-Food Chains in Kenya: A Multivariate Probit Regression Analysis.” Agricultural and Food Economics 7: 2. doi:10.1186/s40100-019-0122-z.
   Google Scholar
• Okullo, J. B. L., F. Omujal, J. G. Agea, L. W. Mulugo, A. Namutebi, J. B. A. Okonye, G. Okello, and S. A. Nyanzi. 2012. “Ethno-Nomenclature of the Shea Tree (Vitellaria Paradoxa CF Gaertn.) and Its Products in the Shea Zones of Uganda.” Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants 1 (10): 477–484.
   Google Scholar
• Olorunfemi, O. D., G. B. Adesiji, F. O. Oladipo, R. S. Adisa, A. K. Daudu, and G. Suweba. 2015. “Determinants of Value Addition Initiatives use by Fish Farmers in Kwara and Kogi States, North Central Nigeria.” Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal 4 (2): 316–323. doi:10.4314/star.v4i2.44.
   Google Scholar
• Orwa, C., A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, and A. Simons. 2009. Agroforestree Database: A Tree Reference and Selection Guide. Version 4. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, R. A. 2015. “The Impact of Age on Innovation.” Management Research Review 38 (4): 404–420. doi:10.1108/MRR-10-2013-0241.
   Google Scholar
• Rahm, M. R., and W. E. Huffman. 1984. “The Adoption of Reduced Tillage: The Role of Human Capital and Other Variables.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 66 (4): 405–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, K., D. Gautier, and D. A. Wardell. 2015. “Coping with the Upheavals of Globalization in the Shea Value Chain: The Maintenance and Relevance of Upstream Shea nut Supply Chain Organization in Western Burkina Faso.” World Development 66: 413–427. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seghieri, J. 2019. “Shea Tree (Vitellaria Paradoxa Gaertn. f.): From Local Constraints to Multi-Scale Improvement of Economic, Agronomic and Environmental Performance in an Endemic Sudanian Multipurpose Agroforestry Species.” Agroforestry Systems 93 (6): 2313–2330. doi:10.1007/s10457-019-00351-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanko, M. 2017. “Profit Efficiency and Constraints Analysis of Shea Butter Industry: Northern Region of Ghana.” Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 44 (3): 424–439. doi:10.7744/kjoas.20170031.
   Google Scholar
• Tiamiyu, S. A., M. A. Adagba, and A. Shaahu. 2014. “Profitability Analysis of Shea Nuts Supply Chain in Selected States in Nigeria.” Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research 2 (12): 222–227.
   Google Scholar
• Tijani, S. A., and M. K. Sanusi. 2020. “Determinants of Shea Butter Production among Processors in Niger State, Nigeria.” Journal of Agricultural Extension 24 (4): 53–61.
   Google Scholar
• Tom-Dery, D., F. Eller, C. Reisdorff, and K. Jensen. 2018. “Shea (Vitellaria Paradoxa CF Gaertn.) at the Crossroads: Current Knowledge and Research Gaps.” Agroforestry Systems 92 (5): 1353–1371. doi:10.1007/s10457-017-0080-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 2016. The National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Main Report. Kampala, Uganda: Uganda Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Yongabo, P. 2021. “Technology and Innovation Trajectories in the Rwandan Agriculture Sector: Are Value Chains an Option?” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 1–11. doi:10.1080/20421338.2021.1889769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar