References
- Abdullah, M., and M. Chowdhury. 2020. “Foreign Direct Investment and Total Factor Productivity: Any Nexus?” Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 14 (2): 164–190.
- Abekah-Koomson, I., P. W. Loon, G. Premaratne, and T. S. Yean. 2019. “Total Factor Productivity Growth: Evidence from West African Economies.” Global Business Review 4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919856194.
- Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J. A. Robinson. 2005. “Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long Run Growth.” In Handbook of Economic Growth, edited by P. Aghion and S. Durlauf, Vol. 1A, Chapter 6. Elsevier.
- Ács, Z. J., E. Autio, and L. Szerb. 2014. “National Systems of Entrepreneurship: Measurement Issues and Policy Implications.” Research Policy 43 (3): 476–494. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.016
- Adedokun, J. A. 2017. “Foreign aid, Governance and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does One Cap Fit All?” African Development Review 29 (2): 184–196.
- Adusei, M. 2016. “Does Entrepreneurship Promote Economic Growth in Africa?” African Development Review 28 (2): 201–214.
- African Development. 2011. “Private Sector Development as an Engine of Africa’s Economic Development.” African Development Report.
- Ahlstrom, D., G. D. Bruton, K. S. Yeh. 2008. “Private Firms in China: Building Legitimacy in an Emerging Economy.” Journal of World Business 43 (4): 385–399.
- Ajao, O. A. 2003. Empirical Analysis of Agricultural Productivity Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ogbomosho, Nigeria: Agricultural Economics and Extension Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology.
- Ajide, F. M., R. A. Ajisafe, and O. Olofin. 2019. “Capital Controls, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Selected Developing Countries.” Asian Econ Finance 9 (2): 191–212.
- Ajide, F. M. 2020. “Infrastructure and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Africa.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 25 (3): 1–23.
- Ajide, F. M., and T. T. Osinubi. 2020. “Foreign aids and Entrepreneurship in Africa. The Role of Remittances and Institutional Quality.” Economic Change and Restructuring. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-020-09305-5.
- Akinlo, A. E., and O. O. Adejumo. 2016. “Determinants of Total Factor Productivity Growth in Nigeria, 1970–2009.” Global Business Review 17 (2): 257–270.
- Alhassan, A., and A. Kilishi. 2019. “Weak Economic Institutions in Africa: A Destiny or Design?” International Journal of Social Economics 46 (7): 904-919.
- Aron, J. 2000. “Growth and Institutions: A Review of the Evidence.” The World Bank Research Observer 15 (1): 99–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.1.99.
- Agostino, M., M. Di Tommaso, Annamaria Nifo, Rubini Lauretta, and Francesco Trivieri. 2020. “Institutional Quality and Firms’ Productivity in European Regions.” Regional Studies.
- Audretsch, D. B., and M. Keilbach. 2004. “Entrepreneurship and Regional Growth: An Evolutionary Interpretation.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 14 (5): 605–616.
- Avnimelech, G., Y. Zelekha, and E. Sharabi. 2013. “The Effect of Corruption on Entrepreneurship in Developed vs Non-Developed Countries.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 20 (3): 237–262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2012-0121.
- Asongu, S. A., and V. S. Tchamyou. 2015. “The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Knowledge Economy in Africa.” Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 8 (1): 101–131.
- Asongu, S. A., and N. M. Odhiambo. 2018. “Challenges of Doing Business in Africa: A Systematic Review.” Research Africa Network Working Papers 18/057, Research Africa Network (RAN).
- Barro, R. J., and X. Sala-i-Martin. 1995. Economic Growth. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Baumol, W. J. 1990. “Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive.” Journal of Political Economy 98 (5): 893–921. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/261712
- Benhabib, J., and M. M. Spiegel. 1994. “The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data.” Journal of Monetary Economics 34 (2): 143–173.
- Bradley, S. W., and P. Klein. 2016. “Institutions, Economic Freedom, and Entrepreneurship: The Contribution of Management Scholarship.” The Academy of Management Perspectives 30 (3): 211–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2013.0137
- Braunerhjelm, P., and B. Borgman. 2004. “Entrepreneurship and Regional Growth: Evidence from Regional Data in Sweden, 1975-99.” Regional Studies 38 (8): 929–947.
- Braunerhjelm, P., Z. J. Acs, D. B. Audretsch, and B. Carlsson. 2010. “The Missing Link: Knowledge Diffusion and Entrepreneurship in Endogenous Growth.” Small Business Economics 34: 105–125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9235-1.
- Bruton, G. D., D. Ahlstrom, and H.-L. Li. 2010. “Institutional Theory and Entrepreneurship: Where are we now and Where do we Need to Move in the Future?” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 34 (3): 421–440.
- Bruton, G. D., D. Ahlstrom, and K. Obloj. 2008. “Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies: Where are we Today and Where Should the Research go in the Future.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31 (1): 1–14.
- Carree, M., A. van Stel, R. Thurik, and S. Wennekers. 2002. “Economic Development and Business Ownership: An Analysis Using Data of 23 OECD Countries in the Period 1976–1996.” Small Business Economics 19: 271–290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019604426387.
- Cazzavillan, G., M. Donadelli, and L. Persha. 2013. “Economic Growth and Poverty Traps in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Education and TFP Shocks’.” Research in Economics 67 (3): 226–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2013.05.001
- Chowdhury, F., B. Audretsch, and M. Belitski. 2019. “Institutions and Entrepreneurship Quality.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 43 (7): 104225871878043.
- Colino, A., D. Benito-Osorio, and C. Rueda Armengot. 2014. “How Much Does Innovation Matter for Economic Growth?” Management Decision 52 (2): 313–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2012-0586.
- Collier, P. 2007. “Africa's Economic Growth: Opportunities and Constraints.” African Development Review 19 (1): 6–25.
- Dai, L., and B. Zheng. 2018. “Political Uncertainty and Finance: A Survey.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies 48: 307–333.
- Daude, C., and F.-A. Eduardo. 2010. “On the Role of Productivity and Factor Accumulation in Economic Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (February 2010).” IDB Working Paper No. 41. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1817273.
- Delavallade, C. 2006. “Corruption and Distribution of Public Spending in Developing Countries.” Journal of Economics and Finance 30: 222–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02761488.
- Djankov, S., R. La Porta, F. Lopez-De-Salines, and A. Shleifer. 2002. “The Regulation of Entry.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 117 (1): 1–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302753399436
- Eberhardt, M., C. Helmers, and H. Strauss. 2013. “Do Spillovers Matter when Estimating Private Returns to R&D?” Review of Economics and Statistics 95 (2): 436–448.
- Égert, B. 2016. “Regulation, Institutions, and Productivity: New Macroeconomic Evidence from OECD Countries.” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 106 (5): 109–113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161026.
- El Ghak, T., A. Gdairia, and B. Abassi. 2020. “High-Tech Entrepreneurship and Total Factor Productivity: The Case of Innovation-Driven Economies.” Journal of the Knowledge Economy.
- Ellis, J., J. Smith, and R. White. 2020. “Corruption and Corporate Innovation.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55 (7): 2124–2149.
- Erken, H., P. Donselaar, and R. Thurik. 2018. “Total Factor Productivity and the Role of Entrepreneurship.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43: 1493–1521. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9504-5
- Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar, and Marcel P. Timmer. 2015. “The Next Generation of the Penn World Table.” American Economic Review 105 (10): 3150–3182.
- Fotopoulos, G. 2012. “Nonlinearities in Regional Economic Growth and Convergence: The Role of Entrepreneurship in the European Union Regions.” Annals of Regional Science 48: 719–741. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-010-0419-z.
- Gani, A. 2011. “Governance and Growth in Developing Countries.” Journal of Economic Issues 45 (1): 19–40.
- Gani, A. 2017. “The Empirical Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries.” Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 16 (4): 392–409.
- Gani, A., and Nisar Ahmad. 2020. “Has Economic Growth of China and India Impacted African. Economic Prosperity?” Atlantic Economic Journal.
- Gani, A., and A. S. Al-Abri. 2013. “Indicators of the Business Environment, Institutional Quality and Foreign Direct Investment in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries.” International Review of Applied Economics 27 (4): 515–530.
- Garzarelli, G., and Y. R. Limam. 2019. “Physical Capital, Total Factor Productivity, and Economic Growth in sub-Saharan Africa.” South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 22 (1): a2309. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v22i1.2309
- Grittersová, J., and M. C. Mahutga. 2019. “Government Ownership of Banks, Political System Transparency, and Regulatory Barriers to new Firm Entry.” Journal of International Relations and Development.
- Greenwood, J., and B. Jovanovic. 1990. “Financial Development, Growth, and the Distribution of Income.” Journal of Political Economy 98: 1076–1107.
- Grossman, G. M., and E. Helpman. 1991. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Heo, Y., F. Hou, and S. G. Park. 2020. “Does Corruption Grease or Sand the Wheels of Investment or Innovation? Different Effects in Advanced and Emerging Economies.” Applied Economics, 1–26.
- Hussen, M. S., and M. Çokgezen. 2020. “The Impact of Regional Institutional Quality on Firm Innovation: Evidence from Africa.” Innovation and Development, 1–22.
- Hussen, M. S., and M. Çokgezen. 2021. “Relationship Between Innovation, Regional Institutions and Firm Performance: Micro-Evidence from Africa.” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Development, 1–17.
- Isaksson, A. 2007. “Determinants of Total Factor Productivity: A Literature Review.” Staff Working Paper 02/2007, Research and Statistics Branch, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
- Ivashina, V. 2009. “Asymmetric Information Effects on Loan Spreads.” Journal of Financial Economics 92: 300–319.
- Iwu, C. G., and A. P. Opute. 2020. “Eradicating Poverty and Unemployment: Narratives of Survivalist Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 1438–1451. doi:https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2019.08.127.
- Kumar, S., and R. R. Russell. 2002. “Technological Change, Technological Catch-Up, and Capital Deepening: Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergence.” American Economic Review 92 (3): 527–548. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/00028280260136381
- Lafuente, E., Z. J. Acs, M. Sanders, and L. Szer. 2019. “The Global Technology Frontier: Productivity Growth and the Relevance of Kirznerian and Schumpeterian Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 55: 153–178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00140-1.
- Liñán, F., and J. Fernandez-Serrano. 2014. “National Culture, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Different Patterns Across the European Union.” Small Business Economics 42: 685–701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9520-x.
- Moore, E. M., L. A. Dau, and J. Doh. 2020. “Does Monetary aid Catalyse new Business Creation? Analysing the Impact of Global aid Flows on Formal and Informal Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Management Studies 57 (3): 438–469. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12552.
- Munemo, J. 2018. “Entrepreneurial Success in Africa: How Relevant are Foreign Direct Investment and Financial Development?” African Development Review 30 (4): 372–385.
- Nica, M. 2021. “Economic Development and Business Creation.” Econ Change Restruct 54, 219–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-020-09274-9.
- North, D. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge UniversityPress.
- Nondo, C., and J. R. Jaramillo. 2018, October. “Analyzing Africa's Total Factor Productivity Trends: Evidence from the DEA Malmquist Approach.” International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management (IJSEM), IGI Global 7 (4): 45–61.
- Osemeke, M. 2012. “Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Organizational Performance: A Study of Guinness Nig. Plc.” African research Review: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 1 (1): 79–94.
- Opute, P. A., C. G. Iwu, R. M. Khosa, C. Eresia-Eke, S. B. Hagos, and B. Irene. 2020. “African Immigrant Entrepreneurship in the UK: The Hidden Hand of Family Influence on Entrepreneurial Orientation.” Harvard Deusto Business Research X (1): 53–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.48132/hdbr.335.
- Peprah, A. A., and A. F. Adekoya. 2020. “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from Africa.” Business Strategy and Development. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.104.
- Plumper, T., and V. T. Troeger. 2007. “Efficient Estimation of Time-Invariant and Rarely Changing Variables in Finite Sample Panel Analyses with Unit Fixed Effects.” Political Analysis 15: 124–139.
- Prieger, J. E., C. Bampoky, L. R. Blanco, and A. Liu. 2016. “Economic Growth and the Optimal Level of Entrepreneurship.” World Development 82: 95–109.
- Romer, P. M. 1990. “Endogenous Technological Change.” Journal of Political Economy 98 (5): 71–102.
- Romer, P. M. 1994. “The Origins of Endogenous Growth.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 8 (1), 3-22.
- Sayes, E. 2011. “Economic and Social Determinants of Productivity; Balancing Economic and Social Explanations.” Paper presented at the Sociological Association Of Aotearoa (NZ) Annual Conference 2011.
- Schillo, R. S., A. Persaud, and M. Jin. 2016. “Entrepreneurial Readiness in the Context of National Systems of Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 46: 619–637. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9709-x.
- Schumpeter, J. A. 1934. The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Schumpeter, J. A. 1947. “The Creative Response in Economic History.” The Journal of Economic History 7 (2): 149–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700054279
- Seth, S. 2015. “Why Entrepreneurs Are Important for the Economy.” Accessed January 13, 2020. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/101414/why-entrepreneurs-are-important-economy.asp.
- Sobel, R. S. 2008. “Testing Baumol: Institutional Quality and the Productivity of Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 23 (6): 641–655. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.004
- Solomon, S., J. S. Bendickson, S. E. Liguori, and M. R. Marvel. 2021. “The Effects of Social Spending on Entrepreneurship in Developed Nations.” Small Business Economics. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00458-9.
- Solow, R. M. 1957. “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 39 (3): 312–320.
- Stel, A. V., M. Carree, and R. Thurik. 2005. “The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth.” Small Business Economics 24 (3): 311–321.
- Syverson, C. 2011. “What Determines Productivity?” Journal of Economic Literature 49 (2): 326–365.
- Tchamyou, S. V. 2014. The Role of Knowledge Economy in African Business. HEC- Management School, University of Liege.
- Thai, M., and E. Turkina. 2014. Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy: Models, Approaches and Prospects for Economic Development.
- The Conference Board Total Economy Database. 2015. “Total Economy Database™ – Key Findings.” Accessed January 06, 2019. https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/.
- Thornton, P. H., D. Ribeiro-Soriano, and D. Urbano. 2011. “Sociocultural Factors and Entrepreneurial Activity: An Overview.” International Small Business Journal 29 (2): 105–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610391930
- Ünlü, H., and M. K. Ulusoy. 2021. “Innovation and Corruption in Turkey: “Grease the Wheels” or “Sand the Wheels”.” In Handbook of Research on Theory and Practice of Financial Crimes, edited by A. Rafay. PA: IGI Global.
- Urbano, D., S. Aparicio, and D. Audretsch. 2018. “Twenty-five Years of Research on Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth: What has Been Learned?” Small Business Economics 53: 21–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0038-0.
- Urbano, D., S. Aparicio, M. Guerrero, M. Noguera, and J. Torrent- Sellens. 2016. “Institutional Determinants of Student Employer Entrepreneurs at Catalan Universities.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 123: 271–282.
- Urbano, D., A. David, S. Aparicio, and M. Noguera. 2019. “Does Entrepreneurial Activity Matter for Economic Growth in Developing Countries? The Role of the Institutional Environment.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 16 (3): 1065–1099.
- Van Stel, A. J., and D. J. Storey. 2004. “The Link between Firm Births and Job Creation: Is there a Upas Tree Effect?” Regional Studies 38: 893–909.
- Wang, J. 2020. “Will Entrepreneurship Promote Productivity Growth in China?” China & World Economy 28 (3): 73–89.
- Wennekers, S., A. van Wennekers, R. Thurik, and P. Reynolds. 2005. “Nascent Entrepreneurship and the Level of Economic Development.” Small Business Economics 24: 293–309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1994-8.
- Wennekers, S., A. Van Stel, M. Caree, and A. R. Thurik. 2010. “The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is it U-Shaped?” Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship 6 (3): 167–237.
- Williamson, O. E. 2000. “The new Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead.” Journal of Economic Literature 38 (3): 595–613. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2565421
- Wong, P. K., Y. P. Ho, and E. Autio. 2005. “Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM Data.” Small Business Economics 24: 335–350.
- World Bank. 2013–2019. Doing Business. World Bank Publication.
- World Bank. 2020. World Bank Governance Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-governance-indicators.
- Yalçınkaya, Ö, İ Hüseyni, and A. K. Çelik. 2017. “The Impact of Total Factor Productivity on Economic Growth for Developed and Emerging Countries: A Second-Generation Panel Data Analysis.” The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research 11 (4): 404–417.
- Zheng, C., and M. Musteen. 2018. “The Impact of Remittances on Opportunity-Based and Necessity Based Entrepreneurial Activities.” Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 24 (3): 1–13.