References
- Al-Tawfiq, J. A., and Z. A. Memish. 2020. “COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Saudi Arabia: Prevention and Therapeutic Strategies.” International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 55 (5): 105968. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105968.
- Alandijanya, T. A., A. A. Faizoa, and E. I. Azhar. 2020. “Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries: Current Status and Management Practices.” Journal of Infection and Public Health 13 (6): 839–842. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.020.
- Alsedrah, I. T., and E. A. H. Gherbi. 2021. “Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Total Market Trade Value (Institutional Investors vs Non-Institutional Investors).” Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, doi:10.1080/20430795.2021.1905412.
- Andersen, T. G., T. Bollerslev, F. X. Diebold, and C. Vega. 2007. “Real-Time Price Discovery in Global Stock, Bond and Foreign Exchange Markets.” Journal of International Economics 73: 251–277.
- Andersen, T. M., P. J. H. Schröder, and M. Svarer. 2020. Designing Reopening Strategies in the Aftermath of COVID-19 Lockdowns: Some Principles with an Application to Denmark: IZA Policy Paper No. 158. Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Arezki, R., R. Yuting, and F. Nguyen. 2020. Coping with COVID-19 and Oil Price Collapse in the Gulf Cooperation Council. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/coping-covid-19-and-oil-price-collapse-gulf-cooperation-council.
- Baret, S., A. Celner, M. O’Reilley, and M. Shilling. 2020. COVID-19 Potential Implications for the Banking and Capital Markets Sector. Deloitte Insights. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/covid-19/banking-and-capital-marketsimpactcovid19.html?id=us:2di:3em:4di6693:5awa:6di:MMDDYY:&pkid=1007068#endnote-sup-1.
- Batayneh, M. T. H., R. B. S. Al-Kouki, and H. E. Albogam. 2021. “Economic and Social Implications of the Spread of Corona Virus on the Saudi Community and the Scientific and Practical Solutions to Reduce and Limit Them.” Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment. doi:10.1080/20430795.2021.1896989.
- Bloomberg. 2020. Dubai’s Stock Market Shows It’s Being Hit Harder by Coronavirus and Oil Prices-April 09 2020. https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/dubai-s-deeper-pain-from-virus-oil-shows-as-stocks-trail-peers.
- Burch, T., R. Douglas, R. Emery, and R. F. Michael. 2016. “Who Moves Markets in a Sudden Marketwide Crisis? Evidence from 9/11.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 51 (2): 463–487.
- Carter, D. A., and B. J. Simkins. 2004. “The Market’s Reaction to Unexpected, Catastrophic Events: The Case of Airline Stock Returns and the September 11th Attacks.” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 44 (4): 539–558.
- Chen, M., S. C. S. Jang, and W. G. Kim. 2007 “The Impact of the SARS Outbreak on Taiwanese Hotel Stock Performance: An Event-Study Approach” International Journal of Hospitality Management 26(1): 200–212.
- Chen, A. H., and T. F. Siems. 2004. “The Effects of Terrorism on Global Capital Markets.” European Journal of Political Economy 20 (2): 349–366.
- Chowdhury, E. K., I. I. Khan, and B. K. Dhar. 2021. “Catastrophic Impact of Covid-19 on the Global Stock Markets and Economic Activities.” Business and Society Review. doi:10.1111/basr.12219.
- Dios-Alija, T. D., M. D. R. Caballero, L. A. Gil-Alana, and M. Martin-Valmayor. 2021. “Stock Market Indices and Sustainability: A Comparison Between Them.” Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment. doi:10.1080/20430795.2021.1896988.
- Ebrahim, S. H., and Z. A. Memish. 2020. “Saudi Arabia’s Drastic Measures to Curb the COVID-19 Outbreak: Temporary Suspension of the Umrah Pilgrimage.” Journal of Travel Medicine 27 (3). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa029.
- The Economist. 2020a. Spread and Stutter-29 February. https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/02/27/markets-wake-up-with-a-jolt-to-the-implications-of-covid-19.
- The Economist. 2020b. Sneezy Money-7 March. https://espresso.economist.com/b0b9da81cf357c8884a06de8ef72bea0.
- Forbes. 2020. Dow Jones Futures Drop: S&P 500 Loses Momentum, Covid-19 Wave Cracks Stock Market Rally. https://www.forbes.com/sites/naeemaslam/2020/06/25/dow-jones-and-sp500-futures-stocks-crash/#3583204450ee.
- Gherbi, E. A. H., and I. T. Alsedrah. 2021. “Does Stock Market Development and COVID-19 Pandemic Lead to Financial Crisis: The Case of Largest Islamic Stock Exchange Market?” Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment. doi:10.1080/20430795.2021.1896987.
- Gulf Health Council. 2020. The GCC Countries Face COVID-19. http://ghc.sa/ar-sa/Documents/The%20GCC%20Countries%20Face%20COVID-19.pdf.
- He, Q., J. Liu, S. Wang, and J. Yu. 2020 “The Impact of COVID-19 on Stock Markets: Economic and Political Studies. doi:10.1080/20954816.2020.1757570.
- Hong, H., Z. Bian, and C. C. Lee. 2021. “COVID-19 and Instability of Stock Market Performance: Evidence from the U.S.” Financial Innovation 7: 12. doi:10.1186/s40854-021-00229-1.
- IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2020. IMF Data Mapper: Real GDP Growth. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD.
- Khaleej Times. 2020. Covid-19: GCC Investors Lose Over Dh257 Billion in a Day as Stock Markets Plunge-1 March 2020. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/markets/gulf-bourses-slip.
- KPMG. 2020a. Qatar Government and Institution Measures in Response to COVID-19. https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/04/qatar-government-and-institution-measures-in-response-to-covid.html.
- KPMG. 2020b. Potential Impact of COVID-19 on the Qatar Economy. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/qa/pdf/2020/4/potential_impact_of_covid-19_on_the_qatar_economy_all%20sectors.pdf.
- KPMG. 2020c. The Covid-19 Pandemic Brings New Set of Considerations to Private Equity Valuation. https://home.kpmg/bh/en/home/media/press-releases/2020/06/the-covid-19-pandemic-brings-new-set-of-considerations-to-private-equity-valuation.html.
- Liu, H., A. Manzoor, C. Wang, L. Zhang, and Z. Manzoor. 2020 "The COVID-19 Outbreak and Affected Countries Stock Markets Responseï.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (8): 2800.
- Mann, H. B., and D. R. Whitney. 1947. “On a Test of Whether One of Two Random Variables is Stochastically Larger Than the Other.” The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 18 (1): 50–60.
- Metawa, N., M. K. Hassan, S. Metawa, and M. F. Safa. 2019. “Impact of Behavioral Factors on Investors’ Financial Decisions: Case of the Egyptian Stock Market.” International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 12 (1): 30–55. doi:10.1108/IMEFM-12-2017-0333.
- MOHAP-UAE (Ministry of Health and Prevention, United Arab of Emirates). 2020. SEHA Opens 13 Additional Drive Through COVID-19 Testing Centres. https://www.mohap.gov.ae/en/MediaCenter/News/Pages/2365.aspx.
- MOPH-Qatar (Ministry of Public Health). 2020. https://twitter.com/MOPHQatar/status/1233744372556029952?s=20. 29 February 2020.
- Ng, A. 2020. Three Ways the Corona Virus Could Have an Impact on Middle East Economies. CNBC-12 March 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/12/three-ways-the-corona-virus-could-impact-the-middle-east-economies.html.
- Nippani, S., and K. M. Washer. 2004. “SARS: A Non-Event for Affected Countries’ Stock Markets?” Applied Financial Economics 14 (15): 1105–1110. doi:10.1080/0960310042000310579.
- Panayiotis, P., A. Sakkas, and Z. Taoushianis. 2019. “The Impact of Terrorist Attacks in G7 Countries on International Stock Markets and the Role of Investor Sentiment.” Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 61: 143–160.
- Perme, M. P., and D. Manevski. 2019. “Confidence Intervals for the Mann–Whitney Test.” Statistical Methods in Medical Research 28 (12): 3755–3768.
- PWC (PricewaterhouseCoopers). 2020. Recovering from the Dual Shock of COVID-19 and the Oil Price Drop-The GCC Way. https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/m1/en/covid-19-oil-price-drop-gcc.html.
- Reuters. 2020. S&P 500 Closes Nominally Higher amid COVID-19 Spikes, Muted Data. reuters.com/article/us-usa-stocks/sp-500-closes-nominally-higher-amid-covid-19-spikes-muted-data-idUSKBN23P1W4.
- Shehzad, K., L. Xiaoxing, H. Kazouz, D. Balsalobre-Lorente, A. Zeraibi, and A. Rauf. 2021. “An Asymmetric Spillover between China and Pakistan’ Stock Markets: A Comparative Analysis Before and During COVID-19 Crisis.” Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment. doi:10.1080/20430795.2020.1870203.
- Shkvarya, L., and Y. Frolova. 2017. “Transformations in Socio-Economic Development of the Gulf Group States.” Economy of Region 1 (2): 570–578.
- Solomon, H. 2020. “The Impact of Covid-19 on the Middle East and North Africa.” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 20 (6). https://jcpa.org/article/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/.
- Topcu, M., and O. S. Gulal. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Emerging Stock Markets.” Finance Research Letters 36: 101691. doi:10.1016/j.frl.2020.101691.
- Uddin, M., A. Chowdhury, K. Anderson, and K. Chaudhuri. 2021. “The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Stock Market Volatility: Can Economic Strength Help to Manage the Uncertainty?” Journal of Business Research 128: 31–44. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.061.
- UN (United Nations). 2020. Putting the UN Framework for Socio-Economic Response to Covid-19 into Action: Insights. https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/coronavirus/socio-economic-impact-of-covid-19.html.
- Wang, Y. 2020. What is the Root Cause of the Continued Collapse of US Stocks. Shanghai Zhengquan Bao [Shanghai Security News]. http://news.cnstock.com/news,bwkx-202003-4507256.htm.
- WHO-EMRO (World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office). 2020. 24 February 2020. https://twitter.com/WHOEMRO/status/1231987263220912128?s=20.
- WHO (World Health Organisation). 2020e. WHO Characterizes COVID-19 as a Pandemic-11 March. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-and-final-11mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=cb432bb3_2.
- WHO (World Health Organization). 2020a. Archived: WHO Timeline – COVID-19. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline—covid-19.
- WHO (World Health Organization). 2020b. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/.
- WHO (World Health Organization). 2020c. Country & Technical Guidance – Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance-publications.
- WHO (World Health Organization). 2020d. Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—11-march-2020.
- The World Bank. 2020. Oman’s Economic Update – April 2020. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc/publication/oman-economic-update-april-2020.
- World Economic Forum. 2020. 5 Crises That Could Worsen under COVID-19. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/crises-coronavirus-could-worsen/.