Characterizing the transformation of aquatic humic substances exposed to ultraviolet radiation using excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and PARAFAC

References

• Aiken GR, McKnight DM, Thorn KA, Thurman EM. 1992. Isolation of hydrophilic organic acids from water using nonionic macroporous resins. Org Geochem. 18:567–573. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90119-I
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner R, Kaiser K. 2011. Biological and photochemical transformations of amino acids and lignin phenols in riverine dissolved organic matter. Biogeochemistry. 102:109–122. doi: 10.1007/s10533-010-9435-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertilsson S, Stepanauskas R, Cuadros-Hansson R, Granéli W, Wikner J, Tranvik L. 1999. Photochemically induced changes in bioavailable carbon and nitrogen pools in a boreal watershed. Aquat Microb Ecol. 19:47–56. doi: 10.3354/ame019047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bro R, Kiers HA. 2003. A new efficient method for determining the number of components in PARAFAC models. J Chemometr. 17:274–286. doi: 10.1002/cem.801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Jaffé R. 2014. Photo- and bio-reactivity patterns of dissolved organic matter from biomass and soil leachates and surface waters in a subtropical wetland. Water Res. 61:181–190. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Jaffè R. 2016. Quantitative assessment of photo- and bio-reactivity of chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter from biomass and soil leachates and from surface waters in a subtropical wetland. Biogeochemistry. 129:273–289. doi: 10.1007/s10533-016-0231-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Rene MP, Yamashita Y, Jaffè R. 2010. Comparative study of dissolved organic matter from groundwater and surface water in the Florida coastal Everglades using multi-dimensional spectrofluorometry combined with multivariate statistics. Appl Geochem. 25:872–880. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coble PG. 1996. Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy. Mar Chem. 51:325–346. doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(95)00062-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coble PG, Schultz CA, Mopper K. 1993. Fluorescence contouring analysis of DOC intercalibration experiment samples: a comparison of techniques. Mar Chem. 41:173–178. doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(93)90116-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cory RM, Crump BC, Dobkowski JA, Kling GW. 2013. Surface exposure to sunlight stimulates CO2 release from permafrost soil carbon in the Arctic. PNAS. 110:3429–3434. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1214104110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cory RM, Ward CP, Crump BC, Kling GW. 2014. Sunlight controls water column processing of carbon in arctic fresh waters. Science. 345:925.
   Google Scholar
• De Haan H. 1993. Solar UV-light penetration and photodegradation of humic substances in peaty lake water. Limnol Oceanogr. 38:1072–1076. doi: 10.4319/lo.1993.38.5.1072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Vecchio R, Blough NV. 2004. On the origin of the optical properties of humic substances. Environ Sci Technol. 38:3885–3891. doi: 10.1021/es049912h
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green SA, Blough NV. 1994. Optical absorption and fluorescence properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in natural waters. Limnol Oceanogr. 39:1903–1916. doi: 10.4319/lo.1994.39.8.1903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He W, Hur J. 2015. Conservative behavior of fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC components in resin fractionation processes and its applicability for characterizing dissolved organic matter. Water Res. 83:217–226. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms JR, Mao J, Stubbins A, Schmidt-Rohr K, Spencer RGM, Hernes PJ, Spencer K. 2014. Loss of optical and molecular indicators of terrigenous dissolved organic matter during long-term photobleaching. Aqua Sci. 76: 353–373. doi: 10.1007/s00027-014-0340-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herndl GJ, Brugger A, Hager S, Kaiser E, Obernosterer I, Reitner B, Slezak D. 1997. Role of ultraviolet-B radiation on bacterioplankton and the availability of dissolved organic matter. Plant Ecology. 128:42–51. doi: 10.1023/A:1009742508284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellman JB, Hood E, Spencer RGM. 2010. Fluorescence spectroscopy opens new windows into dissolved organic matter dynamics in freshwater ecosystems: a review. Limnol Oceanogr. 55:2452–2462. doi: 10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalbitz K, Geyer W, Geyer S. 1999. Spectroscopic properties of dissolved humic substances – a reflection of land use history in a fen area. Biogeochemistry. 47:219–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieber RJ, Zhou X, Mopper K. 1990. Formation of carbonyl compounds from UV-induced photodegradation of humic substances in natural waters: Fate of riverine carbon in the sea. Limnol Oceanogr. 35:1503–1515. doi: 10.4319/lo.1990.35.7.1503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lean D. 1998. Aquatic humic substances: ecology and biogeochemistry. Berlin (Germany): Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm RL, MacCarthy P. 1992. Quantitative evaluation of XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins used in tandem for removing organic solutes from water. Environ Int. 18:597–607. doi: 10.1016/0160-4120(92)90027-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Bais AF, Björn LO, Ilyas M. 2007. Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 6:218–231.
   Google Scholar
• Miller MP, McKnight DM, Chapra SC. 2009. Production of microbially-derived fulvic acid from photolysis of quinone-containing extracellular products of phytoplankton. Aqua Sci. 71:170–178. doi: 10.1007/s00027-009-9194-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mopper K, Ziiou X, Kihber RJ, Kieber DJ, Sikorski RJ, Jones RD. 1991. Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic carbon and its impact on the oceanic carbon cycle. Nature. 353:60–62. doi: 10.1038/353060a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obernosterer I, Benner R. 2004. Competition between biological and photochemical processes in the mineralization of dissolved organic carbon. Limnol Oceanogr. 49:117–124. doi: 10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno T. 2002. Fluorescence inner-filtering correction for determining the humification index of dissolved organic matter. Environ Sci Technol. 36:742–746. doi: 10.1021/es0155276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernet-coudrier B, Clouzot L, Varrault G, Tusseau-vuillemin M, Verger A, Mouchel J. 2008. Dissolved organic matter from treated effluent of a major wastewater treatment plant: characterization and influence on copper toxicity. Chemosphere. 73:593–599. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peuravuori J, Ingman P, Pihlaja K, Koivikko R. 2001. Comparisons of sorption of aquatic humic matter by DAX-8 and XAD-8 resins from solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy’s point of view. Talanta. 55:733–742. doi: 10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00478-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. 2012. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Rossel PE, Vähätalo AV, Witt M, Dittmar T. 2013. Molecular composition of dissolved organic matter from a wetland plant (Juncus effusus) after photochemical and microbial decomposition (1.25 yr): common features with deep sea dissolved organic matter. Org Geochem. 60:62–71. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.04.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos PSM, Otero M, Filipe OMS, Santos EBH, Duarte AC. 2010. Comparison between DAX-8 and C-18 solid phase extraction of rainwater dissolved organic matter. Talanta. 83:505–512. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.09.050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senga Y, Moriai S, Naruoka C, Nedachi R, Terui S. 2017. Characterizing the photochemical degradation of aquatic humic substances from a dystrophic lake using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis. Limnology. 18:97–110. doi: 10.1007/s10201-016-0493-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shammi M, Pan X, Mostofa KMG, Zhang D, Liu C. 2017. Photo-flocculation of microbial mat extracellular polymeric substances and their transformation into transparent exopolymer particles: chemical and spectroscopic evidences. Sci Rep. 7:9074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stedmon CA, Markager S, Tranvik L, Kronberg L, Slätis T, Martinsen W. 2007. Photochemical production of ammonium and transformation of dissolved organic matter in the Baltic Sea. Mar Chem. 104:227–240. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurman EM, Malcolm RL. 1981. Preparative isolation of aquatic humic substances. Environ Sci Technol. 15:463–466. doi: 10.1021/es00086a012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda K, Kida M, Aso S, Kato T, Fujitake N, Maruo M, Hayakawa K, Hirota M. 2016. Determination of aquatic humic substances in Japanese lakes and wetlands by the carbon concentration-based resin isolation technique. Limnology. 17:1–6. doi: 10.1007/s10201-015-0455-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda K, Takata A, Shirai H, Kozaki K, Fujitake N. 2012. A method for quantitative analysis of aquatic humic substances in clear water based on carbon concentration. Anal Sci. 28:1017–1020. doi: 10.2116/analsci.28.1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel RG. 1984. Detrital dissolved and particulate organic carbon functions in aquatic ecosystems. Bull Mar Sci. 35:503–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel PG. 2001. Limnology: lake and river ecosystems. New York (NY): Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Williams CY, Yamashita Y, Wilson HF, Jaffé R, Xenopoulos A. 2010. Unraveling the role of land use and microbial activity in shaping dissolved organic matter characteristics in stream ecosystems. Limnol Oceanogr. 55:1159–1171. doi: 10.4319/lo.2010.55.3.1159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zsolnay Á. 2003. Dissolved organic matter: artefacts, definitions, and functions. Geoderma. 113:187–209. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00361-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zsolnay Á, Baigar E, Jimenez M, Steinweg B, Saccomandi F. 1999. Differentiating with fluorescence spectroscopy the sources of dissolved organic matter in soils subjected to drying. Chemosphere. 38:45–50. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00166-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar