812
Views
55
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited address at the occasion of the Bertelson Award 2011

Organisation of executive functions: Hemispheric asymmetries

Pages 367-386 | Received 07 Dec 2011, Accepted 12 Mar 2012, Published online: 08 Jun 2012

REFERENCES

  • Alexander , G. E. , DeLong , M. R. and Strick , P. L. 1986 . Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 9 : 357 – 381 .
  • Alexander , M. P. 2001 . Chronic akinetic mutism after mesencephalicdiencephalic infarction: Remediated with dopaminergic medications . Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair , 15 : 151 – 156 .
  • Alexander , M. P. , Stuss , D. T. , Picton , T. , Shallice , T. and Gillingham , S. 2007 . Regional frontal injuries cause distinct impairments in cognitive control . Neurology , 68 : 1515 – 1523 .
  • Alexander , M. P. , Stuss , D. T. , Shallice , T. , Picton , T. W. and Gillingham , S. 2005 . Impaired concentration due to frontal lobe damage from two distinct lesion sites . Neurology , 65 : 572 – 579 .
  • Amodio , D. M. and Frith , C. D. 2006 . Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 7 : 268 – 277 .
  • Aron , A. R. , Monsell , S. , Sahakian , B. J. and Robbins , T. W. 2004 . A componential analysis of task-switching deficits associated with lesions of left and right frontal cortex . Brain , 127 : 1561 – 1573 .
  • Aziz-Zadeh , L. , Kaplan , J. T. and Iacoboni , M. 2009 . “Aha!:” The neural correlates of verbal insight solutions . Human Brain Mapping , 30 : 908 – 916 .
  • Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working memory , Oxford , , UK : Clarendon Press .
  • Badre , D. and d'Esposito , M. 2007 . Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 19 : 2082 – 2099 .
  • Badre , D. and d'Esposito , M. 2009 . Is the rostro-caudal axis of the frontal lobe hierarchical? . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 10 : 659 – 669 .
  • Badre , D. and Wagner , A. D. 2006 . Computational and neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 103 : 7186 – 7191 .
  • Baker , S. C. , Frith , C. D. , Frackowiak , R. S. and Dolan , R. J. 1996 . Active representation of shape and spatial location in man . Cerebral Cortex , 6 : 612 – 619 .
  • Baldo , J. V. , Schwartz , S. , Wilkins , D. and Dronkers , N. F. 2006 . Role of frontal versus temporal cortex in verbal fluency as revealed by voxel-based lesion symptom mapping . Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society , 12 : 896 – 900 .
  • Barch , D. M. , Braver , T. S. , Akbudak , E. , Conturo , T. , Ollinger , J. and Snyder , A. 2001 . Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: Effects of response modality and processing domain . Cerebral Cortex , 11 : 837 – 848 .
  • Barch , D. M. , Braver , T. S. , Nystrom , L. E. , Forman , S. D. , Noll , D. C. and Cohen , J. D. 1997 . Dissociating working memory from task difficulty in human prefrontal cortex . Neuropsychologia , 35 : 1373 – 1380 .
  • Basso , G. , Nichelli , P. , Wharton , C. M. , Peterson , M. and Grafman , J. 2003 . Distributed neural systems for temporal production: A functional MRI study . Brain Research Bulletin , 59 : 405 – 411 .
  • Bertelson , P. and Boons , J. P. 1960 . Time uncertainty and choice reaction time . Nature , 187 : 531 – 532 .
  • Beudel , M. , Renken , R. , Leenders , K. L. and de Jong , B. M. 2009 . Cerebral representations of space and time . Neuroimage , 44 : 1032 – 1040 .
  • Boksem , M. A. and Tops , M. 2008 . Mental fatigue: Costs and benefits . Brain Research Reviews , 59 : 125 – 139 .
  • Botvinick , M. M. , Braver , T. S. , Barch , D. M. , Carter , C. S. and Cohen , J. D. 2001 . Conflict monitoring and cognitive control . Psychological Review , 108 : 624 – 652 .
  • Boulinguez , P. , Ferrois , M. and Graumer , G. 2003 . Hemispheric asymmetry for trajectory perception . Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research , 16 : 219 – 225 .
  • Brass , M. and von Cramon , D. Y. 2004 . Selection for cognitive control: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study on the selection of task-relevant information . Journal of Neuroscience , 24 : 8847 – 8852 .
  • Braver , T. S. , Reynolds , J. R. and Donaldson , D. I. 2003 . Neural mechanisms of transient and sustained cognitive control during task switching . Neuron , 39 : 713 – 726 .
  • Buckner , R. L. 2003 . Functional-anatomic correlates of control processes in memory . Journal of Neuroscience , 23 : 3999 – 4004 .
  • Bunge , S. A. 2004 . How we use rules to select actions: a review of evidence from cognitive neuroscience . Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience , 4 : 564 – 579 .
  • Burgess , P. W. and Shallice , T. 1996 . Confabulation and the control of recollection . Memory , 4 : 359 – 411 .
  • Cabeza , R. , Anderson , N. D. , Locantore , J. K. and McIntosh , A. R. 2002 . Aging gracefully: Compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults . Neuroimage , 17 : 1394 – 1402 .
  • Cabeza , R. , Locantore , J. K. and Anderson , N. D. 2003 . Lateralization of prefrontal activity during episodic memory retrieval: Evidence for the production-monitoring hypothesis . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 15 : 249 – 259 .
  • Cabeza , R. and Nyberg , L. 2000 . Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 12 : 1 – 47 .
  • Camus , M. , Halelamien , N. , Plassmann , H. , Shimojo , S. , O'Doherty , J. Camerer , C. 2009 . Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases valuations during food choices . European Journal of Neuroscience , 30 : 1980 – 1988 .
  • Cansino , S. , Maquet , P. , Dolan , R. J. and Rugg , M. D. 2002 . Brain activity underlying encoding and retrieval of source memory . Cerebral Cortex , 12 : 1048 – 1056 .
  • Cazalis , F. , Valabregue , R. , Pelegrini-Issac , M. , Asloun , S. , Robbins , T. W. and Granon , S. 2003 . Individual differences in prefrontal cortical activation on the Tower of London planning task: Implication for effortful processing . European Journal of Neuroscience , 17 : 2219 – 2225 .
  • Champod , A. S. and Petrides , M. 2007 . Dissociable roles of the posterior parietal and the prefrontal cortex in manipulation and monitoring processes . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,USA , 104 : 14837 – 14842 .
  • Chiron , C. , Jambaque , I. , Nabbout , R. , Lounes , R. , Syrota , A. and Dulac , O. 1997 . The right brain hemisphere is dominant in human infants . Brain , 120 ( 6 ) : 1057 – 1065 .
  • Christoff , K. and Gabrieli , J. D. 2000 . The frontopolar cortex and human cognition: Evidence for a rostrocaudal hierarchical organization within the human prefrontal cortex . Psychobiology , 28 : 168 – 186 .
  • Cohen , R. M. , Semple , W. E. , Gross , M. , Nordahl , T. E. , Holcomb , H. H. Dowling , M. S. 1988 . The effect of neuroleptics on dysfunction in a prefrontal substrate of sustained attention in schizophrenia . Life Sciences , 43 : 1141 – 1150 .
  • Coltheart , M. , Langdon , R. and McKay , R. 2011 . Delusional belief . Annual Review of Psychology , 62 : 271 – 298 .
  • Colzato , L. S. , Waszak , F. , Nieuwenhuis , S. , Posthuma , D. and Hommel , B. 2010 . The flexible mind is associated with the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism: Evidence for a role of dopamine in the control of task-switching . Neuropsychologia , 48 : 2764 – 2768 .
  • Corballis , M. C. 2009 . The evolution and genetics of cerebral asymmetry . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences , 364B : 867 – 879 .
  • Corballis , M. C. , Hattie , J. and Fletcher , R. 2008 . Handedness and intellectual achievement: An even-handed look . Neuropsychologia , 46 : 374 – 378 .
  • Corlett , P. R. , Aitken , M. R. , Dickinson , A. , Shanks , D. R. , Honey , G. D. Honey , R. A. 2004 . Prediction error during retrospective revaluation of causal associations in humans: fMRI evidence in favor of an associative model of learning . Neuron , 44 : 877 – 888 .
  • Coull , J. T. , Cheng , R. K. and Meck , W. H. 2011 . Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing . Neuropsychopharmacology , 36 : 3 – 25 .
  • Coull , J. T. , Vidal , F. , Nazarian , B. and Macar , F. 2004 . Functional anatomy of the attentional modulation of time estimation . Science , 303 : 1506 – 1508 .
  • Courtney , S. M. , Petit , L. , Maisog , J. M. , Ungerleider , L. G. and Haxby , J. V. 1998 . An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex . Science , 279 : 1347 – 1351 .
  • Crescentini , C. , Seyed-Allaei , S. , de Pisapia , N. , Jovicich , J. , Amati , D. and Shallice , T. 2011 . Mechanisms of rule acquisition and rule following in inductive reasoning . Journal of Neuroscience , 31 : 7763 – 7774 .
  • Crescentini C. Seyed-Allaei S. Vallesi A. Shallice T. in press Two networks involved in producing and realizing plans Neuropsychologia doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.005
  • Crow , T. J. , Crow , L. R. , Done , D. J. and Leask , S. 1998 . Relative hand skill predicts academic ability: Global deficits at the point of hemispheric indecision . Neuropsychologia , 36 : 1275 – 1282 .
  • Cruse , D. and Wilding , E. L. 2011 . Temporally and functionally dissociable retrieval processing operations revealed by event-related potentials . Neuropsychologia , 49 : 1751 – 1760 .
  • Dadda , M. , Zandoná , E. , Agrillo , C. and Bisazza , A. 2009 . The costs of hemispheric specialization in a fish . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences , 276B : 4399 – 4407 .
  • Davidson , R. J. , Schwartz , G. E. , Saron , C. , Bennett , J. and Goleman , D. J. 1979 . Frontal versus arietal EEG asymmetry during positive and negative affect . Psychophysiology , 16 : 202 – 203 .
  • Dehaene , S. and Changeux , J. P. 1997 . A hierarchical neuronal network for planning behavior . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 94 : 13293 – 13298 .
  • Dehaene , S. , Posner , M. I. and Tucker , D. M. 1994 . Localization of a neural system for error detection and compensation . Psychological Science , 5 : 303 – 305 .
  • Delalle , I. , Evers , P. , Kostovic , I. and Uylings , H. B. 1997 . Laminar distribution of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in human prefrontal cortex during development . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 379 : 515 – 522 .
  • Derrfuss , J. , Brass , M. , Neumann , J. and von Cramon , D. Y. 2005 . Involvement of the inferior frontal junction in cognitive control: Meta-analyses of switching and Stroop studies . Human Brain Mapping , 25 : 22 – 34 .
  • de Secondat , C. Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu . 1748 . De l'esprit des lois . [ Original work published anonymously Trans. The Spirit of the Laws. Thomas Nugent , New York : Macmillan , 1949 ]
  • d'Esposito , M. , Aguirre , G. K. , Zarahn , E. , Ballard , D. , Shin , R. K. and Lease , J. 1998 . Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory . Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research , 7 : 1 – 13 .
  • Devinsky , O. , Morrell , M. J. and Vogt , B. A. 1995 . Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour . Brain , 118 ( 1 ) : 279 – 306 .
  • Dobbins , I. G. , Simons , J. S. and Schacter , D. L. 2004 . fMRI evidence for separable and lateralized prefrontal memory monitoring processes . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 : 908 – 920 .
  • Domellof , E. , Johansson , A. M. and Ronnqvist , L. 2011 . Handedness in preterm born children: A systematic review and a meta-analysis . Neuropsychologia , 49 : 2299 – 2310 .
  • Drummond , S. P. , Brown , G. G. , Salamat , J. S. and Gillin , J. C. 2004 . Increasing task difficulty facilitates the cerebral compensatory response to total sleep deprivation . Sleep , 27 : 445 – 451 .
  • Dum , R. P. and Strick , P. L. 1991 . The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe . Journal of Neuroscience , 11 : 667 – 689 .
  • Dumontheil , I. , Thompson , R. and Duncan , J. 2011 . Assembly and use of new task rules in fronto-parietal cortex . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 23 : 168 – 182 .
  • Duncan , J. 2001 . An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 2 : 820 – 829 .
  • Duncan , J. 2010 . The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: Mental programs for intelligent behaviour . Trends in Cognitive Science , 14 : 172 – 179 .
  • Duncan , J. and Owen , A. M. 2000 . Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands . Trends in Neurosciences , 23 : 475 – 483 .
  • Elithorn , A. and Lawrence , C. 1955 . Central inhibition: Some refractory observations . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 11 : 211 – 220 .
  • Epstein , C. M. , Sekino , M. , Yamaguchi , K. , Kamiya , S. and Ueno , S. 2002 . Asymmetries of prefrontal cortex in human episodic memory: Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on learning abstract patterns . Neuroscience Letters , 320 : 5 – 8 .
  • Faw , B. 2003 . Pre-frontal executive committee for perception, working memory, attention, long-term memory, motor control, and thinking: A tutorial review . Consciousness and Cognition , 12 : 83 – 139 .
  • Fiez , J. A. , Raife , E. A. , Balota , D. A. , Schwarz , J. P. , Raichle , M. E. and Petersen , S. E. 1996 . A positron emission tomography study of the short-term maintenance of verbal information . Journal of Neuroscience , 16 : 808 – 822 .
  • Fleck , M. S. , Daselaar , S. M. , Dobbins , I. G. and Cabeza , R. 2006 . Role of prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions in decision-making processes shared by memory and nonmemory tasks . Cerebral Cortex , 16 : 1623 – 1630 .
  • Fletcher , P. C. , Shallice , T. and Dolan , R. J. 2000 . “Sculpting the response space”—an account of left prefrontal activation at encoding . Neuroimage , 12 : 404 – 417 .
  • Floden , D. , Vallesi , A. and Stuss , D. T. 2011 . Task context and frontal lobe activation in the Stroop task . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 23 : 867 – 879 .
  • Freedman , D. J. , Riesenhuber , M. , Poggio , T. and Miller , E. K. 2001 . Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex . Science , 291 : 312 – 316 .
  • Fuster , J. M. 1989 . The prefrontal cortex , 2nd ed , New York , NY : Raven Press .
  • Fuster , J. M. 1999 . “ Cognitive functions of the frontal lobes ” . In Human frontal lobes , Edited by: Miller , B. L. and Cummings , J. L. 187 – 195 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
  • Fuster , J. M. , Bauer , R. H. and Jervey , J. P. 1982 . Cellular discharge in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the monkey in cognitive tasks . Experimental Neurology , 77 : 679 – 694 .
  • Garavan , H. , Ross , T. J. , Murphy , K. , Roche , R. A. and Stein , E. A. 2002 . Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behavior: Inhibition, error detection, and correction . Neuroimage , 17 : 1820 – 1829 .
  • Gazzaley , A. , Rissman , J. , Cooney , J. , Rutman , A. , Seibert , T. Clapp , W. 2007 . Functional interactions between prefrontal and visual association cortex contribute to top-down modulation of visual processing . Cerebral Cortex , 17 ( Suppl. 1 ) : i125 – i135 .
  • Gazzaniga , M. S. 2000 . Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication: Does the corpus callosum enable the human condition? . Brain , 123 ( 7 ) : 1293 – 1326 .
  • Gehring , W. J. and Knight , R. T. 2000 . Prefrontal-cingulate interactions in action monitoring . Nature Neuroscience , 3 : 516 – 520 .
  • Geschwind , D. H. and Miller , B. L. 2001 . Molecular approaches to cerebral laterality: Development and neurodegeneration . American Journal of Medical Genetics , 101 : 370 – 381 .
  • Gilbert , S. J. , Spengler , S. , Simons , J. S. , Steele , J. D. , Lawrie , S. M. Frith , C. D. 2006 . Functional specialization within rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10): A meta-analysis . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 18 : 932 – 948 .
  • Godefroy , O. , Cabaret , M. , Petit-Chenal , V. , Pruvo , J. P. and Rousseaux , M. 1999 . Control functions of the frontal lobes: Modularity of the central-supervisory system? . Cortex , 35 : 1 – 20 .
  • Goel , V. and Dolan , R. J. 2004 . Differential involvement of left prefrontal cortex in inductive and deductive reasoning . Cognition , 93 : B109 – B121 .
  • Golby , A. J. , Poldrack , R. A. , Brewer , J. B. , Spencer , D. , Desmond , J. E. Aron , A. P. 2001 . Material-specific lateralization in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex during memory encoding . Brain , 124 : 1841 – 1854 .
  • Grafman , J. , Spector , L. and Rattermann , M. J. 2005 . “ Planning and the brain ” . In The cognitive psychology of planning , Edited by: Morris , R. and Ward , G. 181 – 188 . New York , NY : Psychology Press .
  • Grinband , J. , Savitskaya , J. , Wager , T. D. , Teichert , T. , Ferrera , V. P. and Hirsch , J. 2011 . The dorsal medial frontal cortex is sensitive to time on task, not response conflict or error likelihood . Neuroimage , 57 : 303 – 311 .
  • Gupta , R. K. , Hasan , K. M. , Trivedi , R. , Pradhan , M. , Das , V. Parikh , N. A. 2005 . Diffusion tensor imaging of the developing human cerebrum . Journal of Neuroscience Research , 81 : 172 – 178 .
  • Habeck , C. , Rakitin , B. C. , Moeller , J. , Scarmeas , N. , Zarahn , E. Brown , T. 2004 . An event-related fMRI study of the neurobehavioral impact of sleep deprivation on performance of a delayed-match-to-sample task . Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research , 18 : 306 – 321 .
  • Haber , S. N. , Fudge , J. L. and McFarland , N. R. 2000 . Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum . Journal of Neuroscience , 20 : 2369 – 2382 .
  • Habib , R. , Nyberg , L. and Tulving , E. 2003 . Hemispheric asymmetries of memory: The HERA model revisited . Trends in Cognitive Science , 7 : 241 – 245 .
  • Harmon-Jones , E. and Sigelman , J. 2001 . State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 797 – 803 .
  • Haxby , J. V. , Ungerleider , L. G. , Horwitz , B. , Maisog , J. M. , Rapoport , S. I. and Grady , C. L. 1996 . Face encoding and recognition in the human brain . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,USA , 93 : 922 – 927 .
  • Hayama , H. R. , & Rugg , M. D. 2009 . Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is engaged during post-retrieval processing of both episodic and semantic information . Neuropsychologia 47 2409 2416
  • Hazeltine , E. , Poldrack , R. and Gabrieli , J. D. 2000 . Neural activation during response competition . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 12 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 118 – 129 .
  • Hedden , T. and Gabrieli , J. D. 2010 . Shared and selective neural correlates of inhibition, facilitation, and shifting processes during executive control . Neuroimage , 51 : 421 – 431 .
  • Hellige , J. B. 1993 . Hemispheric asymmetry: What's right and what's left , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Henson , R. N. , Rugg , M. D. , Shallice , T. and Dolan , R. J. 2000 . Confidence in recognition memory for words: Dissociating right prefrontal roles in episodic retrieval . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 12 : 913 – 923 .
  • Henson , R. N. , Rugg , M. D. , Shallice , T. , Josephs , O. and Dolan , R. J. 1999 . Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study . Journal of Neuroscience , 19 : 3962 – 3972 .
  • Henson , R. N. , Shallice , T. and Dolan , R. J. 1999 . Right prefrontal cortex and episodic memory retrieval: A functional MRI test of the monitoring hypothesis . Brain , 122 ( 7 ) : 1367 – 1381 .
  • Hugdahl , K. 1998 . Cortical control of human classical conditioning: Autonomic and positron emission tomography data . Psychophysiology , 35 : 170 – 178 .
  • Hugdahl , K. 2009 . “Hearing voices”: Auditory hallucinations as failure of top-down control of bottom-up perceptual processes . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 50 : 553 – 560 .
  • Huttenlocher , P. R. and Dabholkar , A. S. 1997 . Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 387 : 167 – 178 .
  • Jahanshahi , M. , Ardouin , C. M. , Brown , R. G. , Rothwell , J. C. , Obeso , J. Albanese , A. 2000 . The impact of deep brain stimulation on executive function in Parkinson's disease . Brain , 123 : 1142 – 1154 .
  • Jahanshahi , M. , Dirnberger , G. , Fuller , R. and Frith , C. D. 2000 . The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in random number generation: A study with positron emission tomography . Neuroimage , 12 : 713 – 725 .
  • Jahanshahi , M. , Profice , P. , Brown , R. G. , Ridding , M. C. , Dirnberger , G. and Rothwell , J. C. 1998 . The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on suppression of habitual counting during random number generation . Brain , 121 ( 8 ) : 1533 – 1544 .
  • Jones , C. R. , Rosenkranz , K. , Rothwell , J. C. and Jahanshahi , M. 2004 . The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is essential in time reproduction: An investigation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation . Experimental Brain Research , 158 : 366 – 372 .
  • Jueptner , M. , Stephan , K. M. , Frith , C. D. , Brooks , D. J. , Frackowiak , R. S. and Passingham , R. E. 1997 . Anatomy of motor learning: I. Frontal cortex and attention to action . Journal of Neurophysiology , 77 : 1313 – 1324 .
  • Kaller , C. P. , Rahm , B. , Spreer , J. , Weiller , C. and Unterrainer , J. M. 2011 . Dissociable contributions of left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in planning . Cerebral Cortex , 21 : 307 – 317 .
  • Kelley , W. M. , Miezin , F. M. , McDermott , K. B. , Buckner , R. L. , Raichle , M. E. Cohen , N. J. 1998 . Hemispheric specialization in human dorsal frontal cortex and medial temporal lobe for verbal and nonverbal memory encoding . Neuron , 20 : 927 – 936 .
  • Kenner , N. M. , Mumford , J. A. , Hommer , R. E. , Skup , M. , Leibenluft , E. and Poldrack , R. A. 2010 . Inhibitory motor control in response stopping and response switching . Journal of Neuroscience , 30 : 8512 – 8518 .
  • Kerns , J. G. , Cohen , J. D. , MacDonald , A. W. , Cho , R. Y. , Stenger , V. A. and Carter , C. S. 2004 . Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control . Science , 303 : 1023 – 1026 .
  • Kim , A. S. N. , Vallesi , A. , Picton , T. W. and Tulving , E. 2009 . Cognitive association formation in episodic memory: Evidence from event-related potentials . Neuropsychologia , 47 : 3162 – 3173 .
  • Kim , C. , Cilles , S. E. , Johnson , N. F. , & Gold , B. T. in press . Domain general and domain preferential brain regions associated with different types of task switching: A meta-analysis . Human Brain Mapping . Advance online publication . doi: 10.1002/hbm.21199
  • Kim , C. , Johnson , N. F. , Cilles , S. E. and Gold , B. T. 2011 . Common and distinct mechanisms of cognitive flexibility in prefrontal cortex . Journal of Neuroscience , 31 : 4771 – 4779 .
  • Klingberg , T. , O'Sullivan , B. T. and Roland , P. E. 1997 . Bilateral activation of fronto-parietal networks by incrementing demand in a working memory task . Cerebral Cortex , 7 : 465 – 471 .
  • Klingberg , T. and Roland , P. E. 1998 . Right prefrontal activation during encoding, but not during retrieval, in a non-verbal paired-associates task . Cerebral Cortex , 8 : 73 – 79 .
  • Knoch , D. , Brugger , P. and Regard , M. 2005 . Suppressing versus releasing a habit: Frequency-dependent effects of prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation . Cerebral Cortex , 15 : 885 – 887 .
  • Knoch , D. , Gianotti , L. R. , Pascual-Leone , A. , Treyer , V. , Regard , M. Hohmann , M. 2006 . Disruption of right prefrontal cortex by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces risk-taking behavior . Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 6469 – 6472 .
  • Knoch , D. , Pascual-Leone , A. , Meyer , K. , Treyer , V. and Fehr , E. 2006 . Diminishing reciprocal fairness by disrupting the right prefrontal cortex . Science , 314 : 829 – 832 .
  • Koch , G. , Oliveri , M. , Torriero , S. and Caltagirone , C. 2003 . Underestimation of time perception after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation . Neurology , 60 : 1844 – 1846 .
  • Koechlin , E. , Corrado , G. , Pietrini , P. and Grafman , J. 2000 . Dissociating the role of the medial and lateral anterior prefrontal cortex in human planning . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,USA , 97 : 7651 – 7656 .
  • Koechlin , E. and Summerfield , C. 2007 . An information theoretical approach to prefrontal executive function . Trends in Cognitive Science , 11 : 229 – 235 .
  • Kounios , J. , Smith , R. W. , Yang , W. , Bachman , P. and d'Esposito , M. 2001 . Cognitive association formation in human memory revealed by spatiotemporal brain imaging . Neuron , 29 : 297 – 306 .
  • Kroger , J. K. , Sabb , F. W. , Fales , C. L. , Bookheimer , S. Y. , Cohen , M. S. and Holyoak , K. J. 2002 . Recruitment of anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human reasoning: A parametric study of relational complexity . Cerebral Cortex , 12 : 477 – 485 .
  • Kunishio , K. and Haber , S.N. 1994 . Primate cingulostriatal projection: Limbic striatal versus sensorimotor striatal input . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 350 : 337 – 356 .
  • Langdon , D. and Warrington , E. K. 2000 . The role of the left hemisphere in verbal and spatial reasoning tasks . Cortex , 36 : 691 – 702 .
  • Lewis , P. A. and Miall , R. C. 2003 . Brain activation patterns during measurement of sub- and supra-second intervals . Neuropsychologia , 41 : 1583 – 1592 .
  • Los , S. A. and Van den Heuvel , C. E. 2001 . Intentional and unintentional contributions to nonspecific preparation during reaction time foreperiods . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 27 : 370 – 386 .
  • Luria , A. R. 1966 . Human brain and psychological processes , New York , NY : Harper & Row Publishers .
  • MacDonald , A. W. , Cohen , J. D. , Stenger , V. A. and Carter , C. S. 2000 . Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control . Science , 288 : 1835 – 1838 .
  • Manenti , R. , Cotelli , M. , Calabria , M. , Maioli , C. and Miniussi , C. 2010 . The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in retrieval from long-term memory depends on strategies: A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study . Neuroscience , 166 : 501 – 507 .
  • Mansouri , F. A. , Buckley , M. J. and Tanaka , K. 2007 . Mnemonic function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in conflict-induced behavioral adjustment . Science , 318 : 987 – 990 .
  • McCarthy , G. , Puce , A. , Constable , R. T. , Krystal , J. H. , Gore , J. C. and Goldman-Rakic , P. 1996 . Activation of human prefrontal cortex during spatial and nonspatial working memory tasks measured by functional MRI . Cerebral Cortex , 6 : 600 – 611 .
  • Mecklinger , A. D. , von Cramon , D. Y. , Springer , A. and Matthes-von Cramon , G. 1999 . Executive control functions in task switching: Evidence from brain injured patients . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 : 606 – 619 .
  • Mega , M. S. and Cohenour , R. C. 1997 . Akinetic mutism: Disconnection of frontal-subcortical circuits . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology , 10 : 254 – 259 .
  • Melcher , T. , Born , C. and Gruber , O. 2011 . How negative affect influences neural control processes underlying the resolution of cognitive interference: An event-related fMRI study . Neuroscience Research , 70 : 415 – 427 .
  • Mento , G. , Suppiej , A. , Altoe , G. and Bisiacchi , P. S. 2010 . Functional hemispheric asymmetries in humans: Electrophysiological evidence from preterm infants . European Journal of Neuroscience , 31 : 565 – 574 .
  • Milham , M. P. , Banich , M. T. , Webb , A. , Barad , V. , Cohen , N. J. Wszalek , T. 2001 . The relative involvement of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict . Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research , 12 : 467 – 473 .
  • Miller , E. K. and Cohen , J. D. 2001 . An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 24 : 167 – 202 .
  • Mitchell , K. J. , Johnson , M. K. , Raye , C. L. and Greene , E. J. 2004 . Prefrontal cortex activity associated with source monitoring in a working memory task . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 : 921 – 934 .
  • Morishima , Y. , Okuda , J. and Sakai , K. 2010 . Reactive mechanism of cognitive control system . Cerebral Cortex , 20 : 2675 – 2683 .
  • Mulert , C. , Gallinat , J. , Dorn , H. , Herrmann , W. M. and Winterer , G. 2003 . The relationship between reaction time, error rate and anterior cingulate cortex activity . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 47 : 175 – 183 .
  • Näätänen , R. 1970 . The diminishing time-uncertainty with the lapse of time after the warning signal in reaction-time experiments with varying foreperiods . Acta Psychologica , 34 : 399 – 419 .
  • Nagaratnam , N. , Nagaratnam , K. , Ng , K. and Diu , P. 2004 . Akinetic mutism following stroke . Journal of Clinical Neuroscience , 11 : 25 – 30 .
  • Naito , E. , Kinomura , S. , Geyer , S. , Kawashima , R. , Roland , P. E. and Zilles , K. 2000 . Fast reaction to different sensory modalities activates common fields in the motor areas, but the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in the speed of reaction . Journal of Neurophysiology , 83 : 1701 – 1709 .
  • Newman , S. D. , Greco , J. A. and Lee , D. 2009 . An fMRI study of the Tower of London: A look at problem structure differences . Brain Research , 1286 : 123 – 132 .
  • Niemi , P. and Näätänen , R. 1981 . Foreperiod and simple reaction time . Psychological Bulletin , 89 : 133 – 162 .
  • Nolde , S. F. , Johnson , M. K. and d'Esposito , M. 1998 . Left prefrontal activation during episodic remembering: An event-related fMRI study . NeuroReport , 9 : 3509 – 3514 .
  • Norman , D. A. and Shallice , T. 1986 . “ Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior ” . In Consciousness and self regulation: Advances in research , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. , Schwartz , G. E. and Shapiro , D. Vol. 4 , 1 – 18 . New York , NY : Plenum Press .
  • Nyberg , L. , McIntosh , A. R. , Cabeza , R. , Habib , R. , Houle , S. and Tulving , E. 1996 . General and specific brain regions involved in encoding and retrieval of events: What, where, and when . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 93 : 11280 – 11285 .
  • Opitz , B. , Mecklinger , A. and Friederici , A. D. 2000 . Functional asymmetry of human prefrontal cortex: Encoding and retrieval of verbally and nonverbally coded information . Learning and Memory , 7 : 85 – 96 .
  • Owen , A. 1998 . Working memory in dorsolateral frontal cortex . Trends in Cognitive Science , 2 : 239
  • Owen , A. M. 1997 . The functional organization of working memory processes within human lateral frontal cortex: The contribution of functional neuroimaging . European Journal of Neuroscience , 9 : 1329 – 1339 .
  • Park , D. C. and Reuter-Lorenz , P. 2009 . The adaptive brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding . Annual Review of Psychology , 60 : 173 – 196 .
  • Pastotter , B. , Berchtold , F. , & Bauml , K. H. in press . Oscillatory correlates of controlled speed-accuracy tradeoff in a response-conflict task . Human Brain Mapping . Advance online publication . doi: 10.1002/hbm.21322
  • Paus , T. 2001 . Primate anterior cingulate cortex: Where motor control, drive and cognition interface . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 2 : 417 – 424 .
  • Paus , T. , Zatorre , R. J. , Hofle , N. , Caramanos , Z. , Gotman , J. Petrides , M. 1997 . Time-related changes in neural systems underlying attention and arousal during the performance of an auditory vigilance task . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 9 : 392 – 408 .
  • Perret , E. 1974 . The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behaviour . Neuropsychologia , 12 : 323 – 330 .
  • Peters , M. , Reimers , S. and Manning , J. T. 2006 . Hand preference for writing and associations with selected demographic and behavioral variables in 255,100 subjects: The BBC internet study . Brain and Cognition , 62 : 177 – 189 .
  • Petersen , S. E. , Van Mier , H. , Fiez , J. A. and Raichle , M. E. 1998 . The effects of practice on the functional anatomy of task performance . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 95 : 853 – 860 .
  • Petrides , M. 2000 . The role of the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory . Experimental Brain Research , 133 : 44 – 54 .
  • Petrides , M. 2005 . Lateral prefrontal cortex: Architectonic and functional organization . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: B Biological Sciences , 360 : 781 – 795 .
  • Picton , T. W. , Stuss , D. T. , Shallice , T. , Alexander , M. P. and Gillingham , S. 2006 . Keeping time: Effects of focal frontal lesions . Neuropsychologia , 44 : 1195 – 1209 .
  • Plum , F. and Posner , M. I. 1980 . The diagnosis of stupor and coma , 3rd ed , Philadelphia , PA : F. A. Davis .
  • Postle , B. R. , Stern , C. E. , Rosen , B. R. and Corkin , S. 2000 . An fMRI investigation of cortical contributions to spatial and nonspatial visual working memory . Neuroimage , 11 : 409 – 423 .
  • Prabhakaran , V. , Narayanan , K. , Zhao , Z. and Gabrieli , J. D. 2000 . Integration of diverse information in working memory within the frontal lobe . Nature Neuroscience , 3 : 85 – 90 .
  • Previc , F. H. 1991 . A general theory concerning the prenatal origins of cerebral lateralization in humans . Psychological Review , 98 : 299 – 334 .
  • Raichle , M. E. , Fiez , J. A. , Videen , T. O. , MacLeod , A. M. , Pardo , J. V. Fox , P. T. 1994 . Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning . Cerebral Cortex , 4 : 8 – 26 .
  • Rainer , G. , Asaad , W. F. and Miller , E. K. 1998 . Selective representation of relevant information by neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex . Nature , 393 : 577 – 579 .
  • Reverberi , C. , d'Agostini , S. , Skrap , M. and Shallice , T. 2005 . Generation and recognition of abstract rules in different frontal lobe subgroups . Neuropsychologia , 43 : 1924 – 1937 .
  • Reverberi , C. , Lavaroni , A. , Gigli , G. L. , Skrap , M. and Shallice , T. 2005 . Specific impairments of rule induction in different frontal lobe subgroups . Neuropsychologia , 43 : 460 – 472 .
  • Reverberi , C. , Shallice , T. , d'Agostini , S. , Skrap , M. and Bonatti , L. L. 2009 . Cortical bases of elementary deductive reasoning: Inference, memory, and metadeduction . Neuropsychologia , 47 : 1107 – 1116 .
  • Ridderinkhof , K. R. , Forstmann , B. U. , Wylie , S. , Burle , B. and Van den Wildenberg , W. P. M. 2010 . Neurocognitive mechanisms of action control: Resisting the call of Sirens . Wylie Interdisciplinary Reviews (WIREs) Cognitive Science , 2 : 174 – 192 .
  • Rizzo , S. , Sandrini , M. and Papagno , C. 2007 . The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in idiom interpretation: An rTMS study . Brain Research Bulletin , 71 : 523 – 528 .
  • Robbins , T. W. 2007 . Shifting and stopping: Fronto-striatal substrates, neurochemical modulation and clinical implications . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences , 362B : 917 – 932 .
  • Robbins , T. W. and Arnsten , A. F. 2009 . The neuropsychopharmacology of fronto-executive function: Monoaminergic modulation . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 32 : 267 – 287 .
  • Rogers , L. J. , Zucca , P. and Vallortigara , G. 2004 . Advantages of having a lateralized brain . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences , 271B ( Suppl. 6 ) : S420 – S422 .
  • Rogers , R. D. , Sahakian , B. J. , Hodges , J. R. , Polkey , C. E. , Kennard , C. and Robbins , T. W. 1998 . Dissociating executive mechanisms of task control following frontal lobe damage and Parkinson's disease . Brain , 121 ( 5 ) : 815 – 842 .
  • Roland , P. E. and Gulyas , B. 1995 . Visual memory, visual imagery, and visual recognition of large field patterns by the human brain: Functional anatomy by positron emission tomography . Cerebral Cortex , 5 : 79 – 93 .
  • Rossi , S. , Pasqualetti , P. , Zito , G. , Vecchio , F. , Cappa , S. F. Miniussi , C. 2006 . Prefrontal and parietal cortex in human episodic memory: An interference study by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation . European Journal of Neuroscience , 23 : 793 – 800 .
  • Rowe , J. B. , Toni , I. , Josephs , O. , Frackowiak , R. S. and Passingham , R. E. 2000 . The prefrontal cortex: Response selection or maintenance within working memory? . Science , 288 : 1656 – 1660 .
  • Rugg , M. D. , Fletcher , P. C. , Frith , C. D. , Frackowiak , R. S. and Dolan , R. J. 1997 . Brain regions supporting intentional and incidental memory: A PET study . NeuroReport , 8 : 1283 – 1287 .
  • Rugg , M. D. , Otten , L. J. and Henson , R. N. 2002 . The neural basis of episodic memory: Evidence from functional neuroimaging . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences , 357B : 1097 – 1110 .
  • Rushworth , M. F. , Hadland , K. A. , Gaffan , D. and Passingham , R. E. 2003 . The effect of cingulate cortex lesions on task switching and working memory . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 15 : 338 – 353 .
  • Sakai , K. , Rowe , J. B. and Passingham , R. E. 2002 . Active maintenance in prefrontal area 46 creates distractor-resistant memory . Nature Neuroscience , 5 : 479 – 484 .
  • Sandrini , M. , Cappa , S. F. , Rossi , S. , Rossini , P. M. and Miniussi , C. 2003 . The role of prefrontal cortex in verbal episodic memory: rTMS evidence . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 15 : 855 – 861 .
  • Sandrini , M. , Rossini , P. M. and Miniussi , C. 2008 . Lateralized contribution of prefrontal cortex in controlling task-irrelevant information during verbal and spatial working memory tasks: rTMS evidence . Neuropsychologia , 46 : 2056 – 2063 .
  • Sanfey , A. G. , Rilling , J. K. , Aronson , J. A. , Nystrom , L. E. and Cohen , J. D. 2003 . The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game . Science , 300 : 1755 – 1758 .
  • Schacter , D. L. , Buckner , R. L. , Koutstaal , W. , Dale , A. M. and Rosen , B. R. 1997 . Late onset of anterior prefrontal activity during true and false recognition: An event-related fMRI study . Neuroimage , 6 : 259 – 269 .
  • Schacter , D. L. , Reiman , E. , Uecker , A. , Polster , M. R. , Yun , L. S. and Cooper , L. A. 1995 . Brain regions associated with retrieval of structurally coherent visual information . Nature , 376 : 587 – 590 .
  • Schlosser , R. , Hutchinson , M. , Joseffer , S. , Rusinek , H. , Saarimaki , A. Stevenson , J. 1998 . Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity in a verbal fluency task . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 64 : 492 – 498 .
  • Schmidt , L. A. and Fox , N. A. 1994 . Patterns of cortical electrophysiology and autonomic activity in adults’ shyness and sociability . Biological Psychology , 38 : 183 – 198 .
  • Shackman , A. J. , Salomons , T. V. , Slagter , H. A. , Fox , A. S. , Winter , J. J. and Davidson , R. J. 2011 . The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 12 : 154 – 167 .
  • Shallice , T. 1982 . Specific impairments of planning . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences , 298B : 199 – 209 .
  • Shallice , T. 2004 . “ The fractionation of supervisory control ” . In The cognitive neurosciences , 3rd ed , Edited by: Gazzaniga , M. S. 943 – 956 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
  • Shallice , T. , Stuss , D. T. , Alexander , M. P. , Picton , T. W. and Derkzen , D. 2008 . The multiple dimensions of sustained attention . Cortex , 44 : 794 – 805 .
  • Signer , S. F. 1994 . Localization and lateralization in the delusion of substitution. Capgras symptom and its variants . Psychopathology , 27 : 168 – 176 .
  • Smith , E. E. , Jonides , J. and Koeppe , R. A. 1996 . Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET . Cerebral Cortex , 6 : 11 – 20 .
  • Spaniol , J. , Voss , A. , Bowen , H. J. and Grady , C. L. 2011 . Motivational incentives modulate age differences in visual perception . Psychology and Aging , 26 : 932 – 939 .
  • Stablum , F. , Leonardi , G. , Mazzoldi , M. , Umiltá , C. and Morra , S. 1994 . Attention and control deficits following closed head injury . Cortex , 30 : 603 – 618 .
  • Steinborn , M. B. and Langner , R. 2011 . Distraction by irrelevant sound during foreperiods selectively impairs temporal preparation . Acta Psychologica (Amsterdam) , 136 : 405 – 418 .
  • Stuss , D. T. 2011 . Functions of the frontal lobes: Relation to executive functions . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 17 : 759 – 765 .
  • Stuss , D.T. and Alexander , M. P. 2007 . Is there a dysexecutive syndrome? . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences , 362B : 901 – 915 .
  • Stuss , D. T. , Alexander , M. P. , Hamer , L. , Palumbo , C. , Dempster , R. Binns , M. 1998 . The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions on verbal fluency . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 : 265 – 278 .
  • Stuss , D. T. , Alexander , M. P. , Shallice , T. , Picton , T. W. , Binns , M. A. Macdonald , R. 2005 . Multiple frontal systems controlling response speed . Neuropsychologia , 43 : 396 – 417 .
  • Stuss , D. T. , Binns , M. A. , Murphy , K. J. and Alexander , M. P. 2002 . Dissociations within the anterior attentional system: Effects of task complexity and irrelevant information on reaction time speed and accuracy . Neuropsychology , 16 : 500 – 513 .
  • Stuss , D. T. , Floden , D. , Alexander , M. P. , Levine , B. and Katz , D. 2001 . Stroop performance in focal lesion patients: Dissociation of processes and frontal lobe lesion location . Neuropsychologia , 39 : 771 – 786 .
  • Stuss , D. T. , Shallice , T. , Alexander , M. P. and Picton , T. W. 1995 . A multidisciplinary approach to anterior attentional functions . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 769 : 191 – 211 .
  • Tengvar , C. , Johansson , B. and Sorensen , J. 2004 . Frontal lobe and cingulate cortical metabolic dysfunction in acquired akinetic mutism: A PET study of the interval form of carbon monoxide poisoning . Brain Injury , 18 : 615 – 625 .
  • Thompson-Schill , S. L. , d'Esposito , M. , Aguirre , G. K. and Farah , M. J. 1997 . Role of left inferior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge: A reevaluation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 94 : 14792 – 14797 .
  • Toni , I. , Ramnani , N. , Josephs , O. , Ashburner , J. and Passingham , R. E. 2001 . Learning arbitrary visuomotor associations: Temporal dynamic of brain activity . Neuroimage , 14 : 1048 – 1057 .
  • Towse , J. N. , & Cheshire , A. 2007 . Random number generation and working memory European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 19 ( 3 ), 374 – 394 .
  • Triviño , M. , Correa , A. , Arnedo , M. and Lupiañez , J. 2010 . Temporal orienting deficit after prefrontal damage . Brain , 133 : 1173 – 1185 .
  • Tsujimoto , S. , Genovesio , A. and Wise , S. P. 2011 . Frontal pole cortex: Encoding ends at the end of the endbrain . Trends in Cognitive Science , 15 : 169 – 176 .
  • Tucker , D. M. 1987 . “ Hemisphere specialization: A mechanism for unifying anterior and posterior brain regions ” . In Duality and unity of the brain , Edited by: Ottoson , D. 180 – 193 . London , , UK : Macmillan Press .
  • Tulving , E. , Kapur , S. , Craik , F. I. , Moscovitch , M. and Houle , S. 1994 . Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: Positron emission tomography findings . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 91 : 2016 – 2020 .
  • Turkewitz , G. 1988 . “ A prenatal source for the development of hemispheric specialization ” . In Brain lateralization in children: Development implications , Edited by: Molfese , D. L. and Segalowitz , S. J. 73 – 81 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
  • Turner , D. C. , Aitken , M. R. , Shanks , D. R. , Sahakian , B. J. , Robbins , T. W. Schwarzbauer , C. 2004 . The role of the lateral frontal cortex in causal associative learning: Exploring preventative and super-learning . Cerebral Cortex , 14 : 872 – 880 .
  • Umiltá , C. 1988 . “ The control operations of consciousness ” . In Consciousness in contemporary science , Edited by: Marcel , A. J. and Bisiach , E. 334 – 356 . Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Vallesi , A. 2010 . “ Neuro-anatomical substrates of foreperiod effects ” . In Attention and time , Edited by: Nobre , A. and Coull , J. 303 – 316 . Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Vallesi , A. and Crescentini , C. 2011 . Right fronto-parietal involvement in monitoring spatial trajectories . Neuroimage , 57 : 558 – 564 .
  • Vallesi , A. , Mapelli , D. and Cherubini , P. 2009 . Neural correlates of inference-driven attention in perceptual and symbolic tasks: An event-related potential study . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 62 : 1805 – 1831 .
  • Vallesi , A. , McIntosh , A. R. , Alexander , M. P. and Stuss , D. T. 2009 . fMRI evidence of a functional network setting the criteria for withholding a response . Neuroimage , 45 : 537 – 548 .
  • Vallesi , A. , McIntosh , A. R. , Crescentini , C. , & Stuss , D. T. in press . fMRI investigation of speed-accuracy strategy switching . Human Brain Mapping . Advance online publication . doi: 10.1002/hbm.21312
  • Vallesi , A. , McIntosh , A. R. , Shallice , T. and Stuss , D. T. 2009 . When time shapes behavior: fMRI evidence of brain correlates of temporal monitoring . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 21 : 1116 – 1126 .
  • Vallesi , A. , McIntosh , A. R. and Stuss , D. T. 2009 . Temporal preparation in aging: A functional MRI study . Neuropsychologia , 47 : 2876 – 2881 .
  • Vallesi , A. , McIntosh , A. R. and Stuss , D. T. 2011 . Overrecruitment in the aging brain as a function of task demands: Evidence for a compensatory view . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 23 : 801 – 815 .
  • Vallesi , A. , Mussoni , A. , Mondani , M. , Budai , R. , Skrap , M. and Shallice , T. 2007 . The neural basis of temporal preparation: Insights from brain tumor patients . Neuropsychologia , 45 : 2755 – 2763 .
  • Vallesi , A. and Shallice , T. 2006 . Prefrontal involvement in source memory: An electrophysiological investigation of accounts concerning confidence and accuracy . Brain Research , 1124 : 111 – 125 .
  • Vallesi , A. and Shallice , T. 2007 . Developmental dissociations of preparation over time: Deconstructing the variable foreperiod phenomena . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 33 : 1377 – 1388 .
  • Vallesi , A. , Shallice , T. and Walsh , V. 2007 . Role of the prefrontal cortex in the foreperiod effect: TMS evidence for dual mechanisms in temporal preparation . Cerebral Cortex , 17 : 466 – 474 .
  • Van der Werf , Y. D. , Witter , M. P. and Groenewegen , H. J. 2002 . The intralaminar and midline nuclei of the thalamus: Anatomical and functional evidence for participation in processes of arousal and awareness . Brain Research: Brain Research Reviews , 39 : 107 – 140 .
  • Van Leijenhorst , L. , Crone , E. A. and Bunge , S. A. 2006 . Neural correlates of developmental differences in risk estimation and feedback processing . Neuropsychologia , 44 : 2158 – 2170 .
  • Walton , M. E. , Bannerman , D. M. , Alterescu , K. and Rushworth , M. F. 2003 . Functional specialization within medial frontal cortex of the anterior cingulate for evaluating effort-related decisions . Journal of Neuroscience , 23 : 6475 – 6479 .
  • Wang , Y. , Kuhl , P. K. , Chen , C. and Dong , Q. 2009 . Sustained and transient language control in the bilingual brain . Neuroimage , 47 : 414 – 422 .
  • Weissman , D. H. , Roberts , K. C. , Visscher , K. M. and Woldorff , M. G. 2006 . The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention . Nature Neuroscience , 9 : 971 – 978 .
  • Whitehouse , A. J. and Bishop , D. V. 2009 . Hemispheric division of function is the result of independent probabilistic biases . Neuropsychologia , 47 : 1938 – 1943 .
  • Wolfensteller , U. and von Cramon , D. Y. 2010 . Bending the rules: Strategic behavioral differences are reflected in the brain . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 22 : 278 – 291 .
  • Woodrow , H. 1914 . The measurement of attention . Psychological Monographs , 17 : 1 – 158 .
  • Woolgar , A. , Parr , A. , Cusack , R. , Thompson , R. , Nimmo-Smith , I. Torralva , T. 2010 . Fluid intelligence loss linked to restricted regions of damage within frontal and parietal cortex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 107 : 14899 – 14902 .
  • Yeung , N. , Cohen , J. D. and Botvinick , M. M. 2011 . Errors of interpretation and modeling: A reply to Grinband et al . Neuroimage , 57 : 316 – 319 .
  • Yonelinas , A. P. 2001 . Components of episodic memory: The contribution of recollection and familiarity . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences , 356B : 1363 – 1374 .
  • Yonelinas , A. P. , Otten , L. J. , Shaw , K. N. and Rugg , M. D. 2005 . Separating the brain regions involved in recollection and familiarity in recognition memory . Journal of Neuroscience , 25 : 3002 – 3008 .
  • Zatorre , R. J. , Belin , P. and Penhune , V. B. 2002 . Structure and function of auditory cortex: Music and speech . Trends in Cognitive Science , 6 : 37 – 46 .
  • Zysset , S. , Muller , K. , Lohmann , G. and von Cramon , D. Y. 2001 . Color-word matching Stroop task: Separating interference and response conflict . Neuroimage , 13 : 29 – 36 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.