Tracing the bilingual advantage in cognitive control: The role of flexibility in temporal preparation and category switching

REFERENCES

• Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2007). Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20(3), 242–275. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(4), 859–873. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19(2), 290–303. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., & Luk, G. (2012). Bilingualism: Consequences for mind and brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 240–250. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2009). Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10(3), 89–129. doi:10.1177/1529100610387084
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bialystok, E., & Martin, M. M. (2004). Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task. Developmental Science, 7(3), 325–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00351.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialystok, E., Martin, M. M., & Viswanathan, M. (2005). Bilingualism across the lifespan: The rise and fall of inhibitory control. International Journal of Bilingualism, 9(1), 103–119. doi:10.1177/13670069050090010701
   Google Scholar
• Bonifacci, P., Giombini, L., Bellocchi, S., & Contento, S. (2011). Speed of processing, anticipation, inhibition and working memory in bilinguals. Developmental Science, 14(2), 256–269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00974.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, E., & Perrett, D. I. (1993). What gives a face its gender? Perception, 22, 829–840. doi:10.1068/p220829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capizzi, M., Sanabria, D., & Correa, Á. (2012). Dissociating controlled from automatic processing in temporal preparation. Cognition, 123(2), 293–302. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colzato, L. S., Bajo, M. T., van den Wildenberg, W., Paolieri, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., La Heij, W., & Hommel, B. (2008). How does bilingualism improve executive control? A comparison of active and reactive inhibition mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(2), 302–312. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.2.302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colzato, L. S., van Wouwe, N. C., Lavender, T. J., & Hommel, B. (2006). Intelligence and cognitive flexibility: Fluid intelligence correlates with feature “unbinding” across perception and action. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 13(6), 1043–1048. doi:10.3758/BF03213923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa, A. (2010). Temporal predictions guided by endogenous cues. In A. C. Nobre & J. Coull (Eds.), Attention and time (pp. 357–370). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Correa, A., Lupiáñez, J., Milliken, B., & Tudela, P. (2004). Endogenous temporal orienting of attention in detection and discrimination tasks. Perception and Psychophysics, 66(2), 264–278. doi:10.3758/BF03194878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa, A., Lupiáñez, J., & Tudela, P. (2006). The attentional mechanism of temporal orienting: Determinants and attributes. Experimental Brain Research, 169(1), 58–68. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0131-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa, A., Triviño, M., Pérez-Dueñas, C., Acosta, A., & Lupiáñez, J. (2010). Temporal preparation, response inhibition and impulsivity. Brain and Cognition, 73(3), 222–228. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009). On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don't. Cognition, 113(2), 135–149. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, A., Hernández, M., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2008). Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition, 106(1), 59–86. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coull, J. T., & Nobre, A. C. (1998). Where and when to pay attention: The neural systems for directing attention to spatial locations and to time intervals as revealed by both PET and fMRI. Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 18(18), 7426–7435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmorey, K., Luk, G., Pyers, J. E., & Bialystok, E. (2008). The source of enhanced cognitive control in bilinguals: Evidence from bimodal bilinguals. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1201–1206. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02224.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, J., Kolster, R., Ghajar, J., Suh, M., Knight, R. T., Sarkar, R., & McCandliss, B. D. (2007). Response anticipation and response conflict: An event-related potential and functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(9), 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3470-06.2007
   Google Scholar
• Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(3), 340–347. doi:10.1162/089892902317361886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Duque, D., & Posner, M. I. (2001). Brain imaging of attentional networks in normal and pathological states. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(1), 74–93. doi:10.1076/jcen.23.1.74.1217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foxe, J. J., Simpson, G. V., Ahlfors, S. P., & Saron, C. D. (2005). Biasing the brain's attentional set: I. Cue driven deployments of intersensory selective attention. Experimental Brain Research, 166(3–4), 370–392. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2378-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbin, G., Sanjuan, A., Forn, C., Bustamante, J. C., Rodriguez-Pujadas, A., Belloch, V., … Avila, C. (2010). Bridging language and attention: Brain basis of the impact of bilingualism on cognitive control. NeuroImage, 53(4), 1272–1278. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D. W. (2011). Language control in different contexts: The behavioural ecology of bilingual speakers. Frontiers in Language Sciences, 2(103). 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández, M., Costa, A., Fuentes, L. J., Vivas, A. B., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2010). The impact of bilingualism on the executive control and orienting networks of attention. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 315–325. doi:10.1017/S1366728909990010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilchey, M. D., & Klein, R. M. (2011). Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18(4), 625–658. doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0116-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommel, B. (2004). Event files: Feature binding in and across perception and action. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(11), 494–500. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommel, B. (2009). Action control according to TEC (theory of event coding). Psychological Research, 73(4), 512–526. doi:10.1007/s00426-009-0234-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, I., & Philipp, A. M. (2005). Effects of response selection on the task repetition benefit in task switching. Memory and Cognition, 33(4), 624–634. doi:10.3758/BF03195329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousaie, S., & Phillips, N. A. (2011). Ageing and bilingualism: Absence of a “bilingual advantage” in Stroop interference in a nonimmigrant sample. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(2), 356–369. doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.604788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousaie, S., & Phillips, N. A. (2012). Conflict monitoring and resolution: Are two languages better than one? Evidence from reaction time and event-related brain potentials. Brain Research, 1446, 71–90. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(2), 119–135. doi:10.1017/S1366728906002483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López Benítez, R., Carretero-Dios, H., Acosta, A., & Lupiáñez, J.(2012, May). Modulation of sense of humor on flexibility and interference processes. Poster presented at the first joint meeting of BAPS-SEPEX, Liége, Belgium, .
   Google Scholar
• Los, S. A., & van den Heuvel, C. E. (2001). Intentional and unintentional contributions to nonspecific preparation during reaction time foreperiods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27(2), 370–386. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.2.370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luk, G., De Sa, E., & Bialystok, E. (2011). Is there a relation between onset age of bilingualism and enhancement of cognitive control? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14(4), 588–595. doi:10.1017/S1366728911000010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Rhee, M. M., & Bialystok, E. (2008). The development of two types of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11(1), 81–93. doi:10.1017/S1366728907003227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzecová, A., Asanowicz, D., Krivá, L., & Wodniecka, Z. (2013). The effects of bilingualism on efficiency and lateralization of attentional networks. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(3), 608–623. doi:10.1017/S136672891200056
   Google Scholar
• Meiran, N. (2010). Mechanisms underlying rigid vs. flexible self control. In R. Hassin, K. Ochsner, & Y. Trope (Eds.) Self control in society, mind and brain (pp. 202–220). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Minear, M., & Park, D. C. (2004). A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36(4), 630–633. doi:10.3758/BF03206543
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morton, J. B., & Harper, S. N. (2007). What did Simon say? Revisiting the bilingual advantage. Developmental Science, 10(6), 719–726. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00623.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., & Giard, M. H. (2003). Electrophysiological correlates of age and gender perception on human faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 900–910. doi:10.1162/089892903322370816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Näätänen, R. (1971). Non-aging fore-periods and simple reaction time. Acta Psychologica, 35(4), 316–327. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(71)90040-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namazi, M., & Thordardottir, E. (2010). A working memory, not bilingual advantage, in controlled attention. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 13(5), 597–616. doi:10.1080/13670050.2010.488288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobre, A. C. (2001). Orienting attention to instants in time. Neuropsychologia, 39(12), 1317–1328. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00120-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paap, K. R., & Greenberg, Z. I. (2013). There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing. Cognitive Psychology, 66(2), 232–258. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla, M. L., Wood, R. A., Hale, L. A., & Knight, R. T. (2006). Lapses in a prefrontal-extrastriate preparatory attention network predict mistakes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(9), 1477–1487. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, S. E., & Posner, M. I. (2012). The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 73–89. doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp, A. M., Kalinich, C., Koch, I., & Schubotz, R. I. (2008). Mixing costs and switch costs when switching stimulus dimensions in serial predictions. Psychological Research, 72(4), 405–414. doi:10.1007/s00426-008-0150-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp, A. M., & Koch, I. (2006). Task inhibition and task repetition in task switching. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 18(4), 624–639. doi:10.1080/09541440500423269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2012). Executive functions and inhibitory control in multilingual children: Evidence from second-language learners, bilinguals, and trilinguals. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(4), 535–551. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.06.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, M. I. (2008). Measuring alertness. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1129, 193–199. doi:10.1196/annals.1417.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25–42. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior, A. (2012). Too much of a good thing: Stronger bilingual inhibition leads to larger lag-2 task repetition costs. Cognition, 125(1), 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior, A., & Gollan, T. H. (2011). Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: Evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(4), 682–691. doi:10.1017/S1355617711000580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior, A., & MacWhinney, B. (2010). A bilingual advantage in task switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(2), 253–262. doi:10.1017/S1366728909990526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (1998). Manual for Raven's advanced progressive matrices. Oxford: Oxford Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, T., & Bruce, V. (1988). Feature saliency in judging the sex and familiarity of faces. Perception, 17, 475–481. doi:10.1068/p170475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime user's guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
   Google Scholar
• Sylvester, C. M., d'Avossa, G., & Corbetta, M. (2006). Models of human visual attention should consider trial-by-trial variability in preparatory neural signals. Neural Networks, 19(9), 1447–1449. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2006.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao, L., Marzecová, A., Taft, M., Asanowicz, D., & Wodniecka, Z. (2011). The efficiency of attentional networks in early and late bilinguals: The role of age of acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(123). 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00123
   Google Scholar
• Triviño, M., Arnedo, M., Lupiáñez, J., Chirivella, J., & Correa, A. (2011). Rhythms can overcome temporal orienting deficit after right frontal damage. Neuropsychologia, 49(14), 3917–3930. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triviño, M., Correa, A., Arnedo, M., & Lupiáñez, J. (2010). Temporal orienting deficit after prefrontal damage. Brain, 133(4), 1173–1185. doi:10.1093/brain/awp346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallesi, A., & Shallice, T. (2007). Developmental dissociations of preparation over time: Deconstructing the variable foreperiod phenomena. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(6), 1377–1388. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.6.1377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallesi, A., Shallice, T., & Walsh, V. (2007). Role of the prefrontal cortex in the foreperiod effect: TMS evidence for dual mechanisms in temporal preparation. Cerebral Cortex, 17(2), 466–474. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Videsott, G., Della Rosa, P. A., Wiater, W., Franceschini, R., & Abutalebi, J. (2012). How does linguistic competence enhance cognitive functions in children? A study in multilingual children with different linguistic competences. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(4), 884–895. doi:10.1017/S1366728912000119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman, D. H., Roberts, K. C., Visscher, K. M., & Woldorff, M. G. (2006). The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention. Nature Neuroscience, 9(7), 971–978. doi:10.1038/nn1727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, S., Yang, H., & Lust, B. (2011). Early childhood bilingualism leads to advances in executive attention: Dissociating culture and language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14(3), 412–422. doi:10.1017/S1366728910000611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar