1,052
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Gender differences in emotional experiences across childhood, romantic relationship, and self-defining memories

, &
Pages 137-150 | Received 31 Jul 2015, Accepted 20 Jul 2016, Published online: 15 Aug 2016

References

  • Adams, S., Kuebli, J., Boyle, P. A., & Fivush, R. (1995). Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions: A longitudinal investigation. Sex Roles, 33, 309–323. doi: 10.1007/BF01954572
  • Alea, N., & Bluck, S. (2003). Why are you telling me that? A conceptual model of the social function of autobiographical memory. Memory, 11, 165–178. doi: 10.1080/741938207
  • Alea, N., & Bluck, S. (2007). I’ll keep you in mind: The intimacy function of autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 1091–1111. doi: 10.1002/acp.1316
  • Alea, N., & Bluck, S. (2013). When does meaning making predict subjective well-being? Examining young and older adults in two cultures. Memory, 21, 44–63. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.704927
  • Alea, N., Bluck, S., & Ali, S. (2013). Function in context: Why American and Trinidadian young and older adults remember the personal past. Memory, 23, 55–68. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2014.929704
  • Alea, N., & Vick, S. C. (2010). The first sight of love: Relationship-defining memories and marital satisfaction across adulthood. Memory, 18, 730–742. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2010.506443
  • Baron, J. M., & Bluck, S. (2009). Autobiographical memory sharing in everyday life: Characteristics of a good story. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 105–117. doi: 10.1177/0165025408098039
  • Beck, A. T. (1988). Love is never enough. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
  • Bloise, S. M., & Johnson, M. K. (2007). Memory for emotional and neutral information: Gender and individual differences in emotional sensitivity. Memory, 15, 192–204. doi: 10.1080/09658210701204456
  • Boals, A. (2010). Events that have become central to identity: Gender differences in the centrality of events scale for positive and negative events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 107–121. doi: 10.1002/acp.1548
  • Bohanek, J. G., & Fivush, R. (2010). Personal narratives, well-being, and gender in adolescence. Cognitive Development, 25, 368–379. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.08.003
  • Boland, A. M., Haden, C. A., & Ornstein, P. A. (2003). Boosting children’s memory by training mothers in the use of an elaborative conversational style as an event unfolds. Journal of Cognition and Development, 4, 39–65. doi: 10.1080/15248372.2003.9669682
  • Boyacioglu, I., & Akfirat, S. (2015). Development and psychometric properties of a new measure for memory phenomenology: The Autobiographical Memory Characteristics Questionnaire. Memory, 23, 1070–1092. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2014.953960
  • Brebner, J. (2003). Gender and emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 387–394. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00059-4
  • Broday, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2010). Gender, emotion, and socialization. In J. C. Chrisler & D. R. McCreary (Eds.), Handbook of gender research in psychology (pp. 429–454). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993). Gender and emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 447–460). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Brown. (1998). The self. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Buckner, J. P., & Fivush, R. (1998). Gender and self in children’s autobiographical narratives. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 407–429. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199808)12:4<407::AID-ACP575>3.0.CO;2-7
  • Carver, C. S. (2001). Self-regulation. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividual processes (pp. 307–328). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261–288. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.261
  • Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A., & Tagini, A. (2004). The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition, 22(5), 491–529. doi: 10.1521/soco.22.5.491.50768
  • Davis, P. J. (1999). Gender differences in autobiographical memory for childhood emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 498–510. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.498
  • Eals, M., & Silverman, I. (1994). The hunter-gatherer theory of spatial sex differences: Proximate factors mediating the female advantage in recall of object arrays. Ethology and Sociobiology, 15, 95–105. doi: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90020-5
  • Fabes, R.A., & Martin, C. L. (1991). Gender and age stereotypes of emotionality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 532–540. doi: 10.1177/0146167291175008
  • Farrar, M. J., Fasig, L. G., & Welch-Ross, M. K. (1997). Attachment and emotion in autobiographical memory development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 67, 389–408. doi: 10.1006/jecp.1997.2414
  • Fischer, A. H., Mosquerra, P. M. R., van Vianen, A. E. M., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87–94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87
  • Fisek, G. O. (2002, September). Bende bir ben var ailemden iceri: Turkiye’de ailevi benlik arastirmalari [True me through my family: Research on familial self in Turkey]. Invited paper presented at the 12th National Congress of Psychology, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Fivush, R. (2004). The silenced self: Constructing self from memories spoken and unspoken. In D. Beike, J. Lampien, & D. Behrand (Eds.), The self and memory (pp. 75–94). Hove: Psychology Press.
  • Fivush, R., Berlin, L., Sales, J. M., Mennuti-Washburn, J., & Cassidy, J. (2003). Functions of parent-child reminiscing about emotionally negative events. Memory, 11, 179–192. doi: 10.1080/741938209
  • Friedman, A., & Pines, A. (1991). Sex differences in gender-related childhood memories. Sex Roles, 25, 25–32. doi: 10.1007/BF00289314
  • Fuentes, A., & Desrocher, M. (2013). The effects of gender on the retrieval of episodic and semantic components of autobiographical memory. Memory, 21, 619–632. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.744423
  • Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 61, 427–434.
  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Golombok, S., & Fivush, R. (1999). Gender development. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Goregenli, M. (1997). Individualistic-collectivist tendencies in a Turkish sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 787–794. doi: 10.1177/0022022197286009
  • Grysman, A., & Hudson, J. A. (2010). Abstracting and extracting: Causal coherence and the development of the life story. Memory, 18, 565–580. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2010.493890
  • Grysman, A., & Hudson, J. A. (2013). Gender differences in autobiographical memory: Developmental and methodological considerations. Developmental Review, 33, 239–272. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2013.07.004
  • Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. (2014). Turkey: Demographic and health survey, 2013. Ankara: Elma Teknik Basım Matbaacılık.
  • Herlitz, A., Airaksinen, E., & Nordstrom, E. (1999). Sex differences in episodic memory: The impact of verbal and visuospatial ability. Neuropsychology, 13, 590–597. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.13.4.590
  • Herlitz, A., Nilsson, L. G., & Backman, L. (1997). Gender differences in episodic memory. Memory & Cognition, 25, 801–811. doi: 10.3758/BF03211324
  • Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values (2nd ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1996). The autonomous-relatedness self: A new synthesis. European Psychologist, 1, 180–186. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.1.3.180
  • Karney, B. J., & Coombs, R. H. (2000). Memory bias in long-term close relationships: Consistency or improvement? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 959–970. doi: 10.1177/01461672002610006
  • Kirsh, S. J., & Cassidy, J. (1997). Preschoolers’ attention to and memory for attachment-relevant information. Child Development, 68, 1143–1153. doi: 10.2307/1132297
  • Liao, H. W., Bluck, S., Alea, N., & Chencg, C. L. (2016). Functions of autobiographical memory in Taiwanese and American emerging adults. Memory, 24, 423–436. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1015572
  • Markus, H., & Oyserman, D. (1988). Gender and thought: The role of the self-concept. In M. Crawford & M. Hamilton (Eds.), Gender and thought (pp. 100–127). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
  • McLean, K. C. (2005). Late adolescent identity development: Narrative meaning making and memory telling. Developmental Psychology, 41, 683–691. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.683
  • McLean, K. C., & Breen, A. V. (2005). Processes and content of narrative identity development in adolescence: Gender and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 45, 702–710. doi: 10.1037/a0015207
  • McLean, K. C., & Pratt, M. W. (2006). Life’s little (and big) lessons: Identity statuses and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. Developmental Psychology, 42, 714–722. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.714
  • McLean, K. C., & Thorne, A. (2003). Late adolescents’ self-defining memories about relationships. Developmental Psychology, 39, 635–645. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.4.635
  • Merriam, S. B., & Cross, L. H. (1982). Adulthood and reminiscence: A descriptive study. Educational Gerontology, 8, 275–290. doi: 10.1080/0360127820080307
  • Niedzwienska, A. (2003). Gender differences in vivid memories. Sex Roles, 49, 321–331. doi: 10.1023/A:1025156019547
  • Pasupathi, M. (2003). Emotion regulation during social remembering: Differences between emotions elicited during an event and emotions elicited when talking about it. Memory, 11, 151–163. doi: 10.1080/741938212
  • Pillemer, D. B., Wink, P., DiDonato, T. E., & Sanborn, R. L. (2003). Gender differences in autobiographical memory styles of older adults. Memory, 11, 525–532. doi: 10.1080/09658210244000117
  • Pohl, R. F., Bender, M., & Lachmann, G. (2005). Autobiographical memory and social skills of men and women. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 745–759. doi: 10.1002/acp.1104
  • Reese, E., Haden, C. A., & Fivush, R. (1993). Mother-child conversations about the past: Relationships of style and memory over time. Cognitive Development, 8, 403–430. doi: 10.1016/S0885-2014(05)80002-4
  • Reis, H. T. (1998). Gender differences in intimacy and related behaviors: Context and process. In D. J. Canary & K. Dindia (Eds.), Sex differences and similarities in communication: Critical essays and empirical investigations of sex and gender in interaction (pp. 203–231). Mahaw, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Ross, L., & Latorre, J. M. (2010). Gender and age differences in the recall of affective autobiographical memories using the autobiographical memory test. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 950–954. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.002
  • Ross, M., & Holmberg, D. (1992). Are wives’ memories for events in relationships more vivid than their husbands’ memories? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9, 585–604. doi: 10.1177/0265407592094007
  • Rubin, D. C., Schulkind, M. D., & Rahhal, T. A. (1999). A study of gender differences in autobiographical memory: Broken down by age and sex. Journal of Adult Development, 6, 61–71. doi: 10.1023/A:1021676309064
  • Safdar, S., Friedlmeier, W., Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., Kwantes, C. T., Kakai, H., & Shigemasu, E. (2009). Variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: A comparison between Canada, USA, and Japan. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41, 1–10. doi: 10.1037/a0014387
  • Sales, J. M., Fivush, R., & Peterson, C. (2003). Parental reminiscing about positive and negative events. Journal of Cognition and Development, 4, 185–209. doi: 10.1207/S15327647JCD0402_03
  • Schulkind, M., Schoppel, & Scheiderer, E. (2012). Gender differences in autobiographical narratives: He shoots and scores; she evaluates and interprets. Memory & Cognition, 40, 958–965. doi: 10.3758/s13421-012-0197-1
  • Seidlitz, L., & Diener, E. (1998). Sex differences in the recall of affective experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 262–271. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.262
  • Singer, J. A., & Moffitt, K. H. (1991–1992). An experimental investigation of specificity and generality in memory narratives. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 11, 233–257. doi: 10.2190/72A3-8UPY-GDB9-GX9K
  • Singer, J. A., & Salovey, P. (1988). Mood and memory: Evaluating the network theory of affect. Clinical Psychological Review, 8, 211–251. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(88)90060-8
  • Singer, J. A., & Salovey, P. (1993). The remembered self: Emotion and memory in personality. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Stapley, J., & Haviland, J. M. (1989). Beyond depression: Gender differences in normal adolescents’ emotional experiences. Sex Roles, 20, 295–308. doi: 10.1007/BF00287726
  • Talarico, J. M., Labar, K. S., & Rubin, D. C. (2004). Emotional intensity predicts autobiographical memory experience. Memory & Cognition, 32, 1118–1132. doi: 10.3758/BF03196886
  • Thorne, A., & McLean, K. C. (2002). Gendered reminiscence practices and self-definition in late adolescence. Sex Roles, 46, 267–277. doi: 10.1023/A:1020261211979
  • Thorne, A., McLean, K. C., & Lawrence, A. M. (2004). When remembering is not enough: Reflecting on self-defining memories in late adolescence. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 513–542. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00271.x
  • Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381–403). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Vogel, D. L., Wester, S. R., Heesacker, M., & Madon, S. (2003). Confirming gender stereotypes: A social role perspective. Sex Roles, 48, 519–528. doi: 10.1023/A:1023575212526
  • Wang, Q. (2001). Culture effects on adults’ earliest childhood recollection and self-description: Implications for the relationship between memory and the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 220–233. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.220
  • Wang, Q. (2013). Gender and emotion in everyday event memory. Memory, 21, 503–511. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.743568
  • Wang, Q., & Conway, M. A. (2004). The stories we keep: Autobiographical memory in American and Chinese middle-aged adults. Journal of Personality, 72(5), 911–938. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00285.x
  • Wang, Q., Hou, Y., Tang, H., & Wiprovnick, A. (2011). Travelling backwards and forwards in time: Culture and gender in the episodic specificity of past and future events. Memory, 19, 103–109. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2010.537279
  • Wang, Q., Leichtman, M. D., & White, S. H. (1998). Childhood memory and self-description: The impact of growing up an only child. Cognition, 69, 73–103. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00061-4
  • Webster, J. D., & McCall, M. E. (1999). Reminiscence functions across adulthood: A replication and extension. Journal of Adult Development, 6, 73–85. doi: 10.1023/A:1021628525902
  • Wood, W., & Conway, M. (2006). Subjective impact, meaning making, and current and recalled emotions for self-defining memories. Journal of Personality, 74, 811–846. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00393.x
  • Yetim, U. (2003). Impacts of individualism/collectivism, self-esteem, feeling of mastery on life satisfaction among the Turkish university students and academicians. Social Indicators Research, 61, 297–317. doi: 10.1023/A:1021911504113

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.