Effects of the emotional properties of words and a manipulation of mindset on performance of an ambiguous task

References

• Arnold, M. B. (1969). Emotion, motivation, and the limbic system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 159(3), 1041–1058. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb12996.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F. (2006). Are emotions natural kinds? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 28–58. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer, M., Sommer, W., & Schacht, A. (2010). Reading emotional words within sentences: The impact of arousal and valence on event-related potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 78(3), 299–307. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaszczak, W., & Imbir, K. (2012). Use of affective priming to measure the implicit self-reference effect. Psychological Reports, 111(1), 107–114. doi:10.2466/07.21.24.PR0.111.4.107-114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bless, H., Bohner, G., Schwarz, N., & Strack, F. (1990). Mood and persuasion a cognitive response analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(2), 331–345. doi:10.1177/0146167290162013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodenhausen, G. V., Kramer, G. P., & Süsser, K. (1994). Happiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(4), 621–632. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohner, G., Moskowitz, G. B., & Chaiken, S. (1995). The interplay of heuristic and systematic processing of social information. European Review of Social Psychology, 6(1), 33–68. doi:10.1080/14792779443000003
   Google Scholar
• Bojarska, K. (2012). Responding to lexical stimuli with gender associations: A cognitive–cultural model. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32(1), 46–61. doi:0261927X12463008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & Van Hell, J. G. (2013). Cognate and word class ambiguity effects in noun and verb processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28(9), 1350–1377. doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.718353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, J. S. (2002). Why do non-color words interfere with color naming? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28(5), 1019–1038. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.5.1019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Social psychology and human nature. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 752–766. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citron, F. M., Weekes, B. S., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014). Arousal and emotional valence interact in written word recognition. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29(10), 1257–1267. doi:10.1080/23273798.2014.897734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology, 52(2), 95–111. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00044-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio, A. (2010). Self comes to mind: Constructing the conscious mind. New York, NY: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Darlow, A. L., & Sloman, S. A. (2010). Two systems of reasoning: Architecture and relation to emotion. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(1), 1–11. doi:10.1002/wcs.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Neys, W., Vartanian, O., & Goel, V. (2008). Smarter than we think when our brains detect that we are biased. Psychological Science, 19(5), 483–489. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02113.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, S. (2003). Cognitive-experiential self-theory of personality. In T. Millon & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology VOL5: Personality and social psychology (pp. 159–184). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Gawronski, B., & Creighton, L. A. (2013). Dual-process theories. In D. E. Carlston (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social cognition (pp. 282–312). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gawronski, B., Sherman, J. W., & Trope, Y. (2014). Two of what? In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 3–19). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heathcote, A., Popiel, S. J., & Mewhort, D. J. (1991). Analysis of response time distributions: An example using the Stroop task. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 340–347. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume, D., & Beauchamp, T. L. (2006). An enquiry concerning the principles of morals: A critical edition (Vol. 4). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Imbir, K. (2015). Affective norms for 1,586 polish words (ANPW): Duality of mind approach. Behavior Research Methods, 47(3), 860–870. doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0509-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbir, K. (2016a). From heart to mind and back again. A duality of emotion overview on emotion-cognition interactions. New Ideas in Psychology, 43, 39–49. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2016.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbir, K. (2016b). Affective norms for 4900 polish words reload (ANPW_R): Assessments for valence, arousal, dominance, origin, significance, concreteness, imageability and age of acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1081. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbir, K., & Jarymowicz, M. (2013). The effect of automatic vs. reflective emotions on cognitive control in antisaccade tasks and the emotional Stroop test. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 44(2), 137–146. doi:10.2478/ppb-2013-0016
   Google Scholar
• Imbir, K., Jarymowicz, M., Spustek, T., Kuś, R., & Żygierewicz, J. (2015). Origin of emotion effects on ERP correlates of emotional word processing: The emotion duality approach. PLoS One, 10(5), e0126129. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.012612
   Google Scholar
• Imbir, K., Spustek, T., & Żygierewicz, J. (2016). Effects of valence and origin of emotions evidenced by ERP correlates in lexical decision task: The emotion duality approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 271. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isen, A. M. (1987). Positive effect, cognitive processes, and social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 203–253). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jarymowicz, M., & Imbir, K. (2015). Toward a human emotions taxonomy (based on their automatic vs. reflective origin). Emotion Review, 7(2), 183–188. doi:10.1177/1754073914555923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58(9), 697–720. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39(4), 341–350. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanske, P., & Kotz, S. A. (2007). Concreteness in emotional words: ERP evidence from a hemifield study. Brain Research, 1148, 138–148. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazojć, J. (2011). Słownik frekwencyjny języka polskiego [Polish language dictionary of attendance]. Retrieved from http://www.slowniki.org.pl/i27.html
   Google Scholar
• Kempe, V., Rookes, M., & Swarbrigg, L. (2013). Speaker emotion can affect ambiguity production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28(10), 1579–1590. doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.755555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensinger, E. A., & Schacter, D. L. (2006). Processing emotional pictures and words: Effects of valence and arousal. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(2), 110–126. doi:10.3758/CABN.6.2.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keren, G., & Schul, Y. (2009). Two is not always better than one a critical evaluation of two-system theories. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(6), 533–550. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01164.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer, M. (2012). Executive control over unconscious cognition: Attentional sensitization of unconscious information processing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 71–82. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, M. D. (2003). Reflexive and reflective judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes (pp. 44–67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lifshitz, M., Bonn, N. A., Fischer, A., Kashem, I. F., & Raz, A. (2013). Using suggestion to modulate automatic processes: From Stroop to McGurk and beyond. Cortex, 49(2), 463–473. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie, D. M., & Worth, L. T. (1989). Processing deficits and the mediation of positive affect in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(1), 27–40. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.1.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandler, G. (1975). Mind and emotion. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Martín-Loeches, M., Fernández, A., Schacht, A., Sommer, W., Casado, P., Jiménez-Ortega, L., & Fondevila, S. (2012). The influence of emotional words on sentence processing: Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence. Neuropsychologia, 50(14), 3262–3272. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New, B., Brysbaert, M., Segui, J., Ferrand, L., & Rastle, K. (2004). The processing of singular and plural nouns in French and English. Journal of Memory and Language, 51(4), 568–585. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.06.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohme, R. K., Błaszczak, W., & Pochwatko, G. (1999). Odmienne efekty wpływu rozproszonego afektu: zjawisko asymilacji i kontrastu [Different effects of the impact of diffuse affect: The phenomenon of assimilation and contrast]. Studia Psychologiczne [Psychological Studies], 37(1), 44–59.
   Google Scholar
• Palazova, M., Sommer, W., & Schacht, A. (2013). Interplay of emotional valence and concreteness in word processing: An event-related potential study with verbs. Brain and Language, 125(3), 264–271. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauker, K., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2010). Ambiguity and social perception. In E. Balcetis & G. D. Lassiter (Eds.), Social psychology of visual perception (pp. 13–29). New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pessoa, L. (2008). On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(2), 148–158. doi:10.1038/nrn2317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123–205. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
   Google Scholar
• Pulford, B. D., & Colman, A. M. (2007). Ambiguous games: Evidence for strategic ambiguity aversion. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(8), 1083–1100. doi:10.1080/17470210600866354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz, A., & Campbell, N. K. (2011). Can suggestion obviate reading? Supplementing primary Stroop evidence with exploratory negative priming analyses. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(2), 312–320. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz, A., Kirsch, I., Pollard, J., & Nitkin-Kaner, Y. (2006). Suggestion reduces the Stroop effect. Psychological Science, 17(2), 91–95. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01669.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reykowski, J. (1989). Dimensions of development of moral values. In N. Eisenberg, J. Reykowski, & E. Staub (Eds.), Social and moral values (pp. 23–44). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Rolls, E. T. (2000). Précis of the brain and emotion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(2), 177–191. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00002429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Roach & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Rozenkrants, B., & Polich, J. (2008). Affective ERP processing in a visual oddball task: Arousal, valence, and gender. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119(10), 2260–2265. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.07.213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugg, M. D. (1990). Event-related brain potentials dissociate repetition effects of high-and low-frequency words. Memory & Cognition, 18(4), 367–379. doi:10.3758/BF03197126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassenberg, K., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2005). Don’t stereotype, think different! Overcoming automatic stereotype activation by mindset priming. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(5), 506–514. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassenberg, K., Moskowitz, G. B., Jacoby, J., & Hansen, N. (2007). The carry-over effect of competition: The impact of competition on prejudice towards uninvolved outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 529–538. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69(5), 379–399. doi:10.1037/h0046234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R. (2005). What are emotions? And how can they be measured? Social Science Information, 44(4), 695–729. doi:10.1177/0539018405058216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition, Vol. 2: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 527–561). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Siegle, G. J., Ingram, R. E., & Matt, G. E. (2002). Affective interference: An explanation for negative attention biases in dysphoria? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(1), 73–87. doi:10.1023/A:1013893705009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. (2002). The affect heuristic. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Intuitive judgement: Heuristics and biases, 397–420. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2014). The reflective–impulsive model. In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope, (Eds.), Dual-process theories of the social mind (pp. 92–104). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Smith, S. M. (1995). Positive mood can increase or decrease message scrutiny: The hedonic contingency view of mood and message processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 5–15. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1), 3–24. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wokke, M. E., van Gaal, S., Scholte, H. S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & Lamme, V. A. (2011). The flexible nature of unconscious cognition. PLoS One, 6(9), e25729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025729
   Google Scholar