586
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Speech vs. reading comprehension: an explorative study of gender representations in Norwegian

, &
Pages 795-808 | Received 27 Jan 2017, Accepted 30 Apr 2017, Published online: 17 May 2017

References

  • Andonova, E. (2013, July 31–August 3). Gender and sex: The experiential basis of grammar. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, CogSci 2013, Berlin, Germany. Retrieved from https://mindmodeling.org/cogsci2013/papers/0325/index.html
  • Baayen, R. H., & Milin, P. (2010). Analyzing reaction times. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, 12–28. doi: 10.21500/20112084.807
  • Baayen, R. H. (2008). Analyzing linguistic data: A practical introduction to statistics using R. Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511801686
  • Banaji, M., & Hardin, C. (1996). Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science, 7, 136–141. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00346.x
  • Bates, D., Mäechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1–48. doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01
  • Beller, S., Brattebø, K. F., Lavik, K. O., Reigstad, R. D., & Bender, A. (2015). Culture or language: What drives effects of grammatical gender? Cognitive Linguistics, 26, 331–359. doi: 10.1515/cog-2014-0021
  • Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2007). PRAAT: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 5.0.32. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www.praat.org
  • Booth, J. R., Perfetti, C. A., MacWhinney, B., & Hunt, S. B. (2000). The association of rapid temporal perception with orthographic and phonological processing in children and adults with reading impairment. Scientific Studies of Reading, 4, 101–132. doi: 10.1207/S1532799XSSR0402_02
  • Buchweitz, A., Mason, R. A., Tomitch, L. M. B., & Just, M. A. (2009). Brain activation for reading and listening comprehension: An fMRI study of modality effects and individual differences in language comprehension. Psychology & Neuroscience, 2, 111–123. doi: 10.3922/j.psns.2009.2.003
  • Cacciari, C., Corradini, P., Padovani, R., & Carreiras, M. (2011). Pronoun resolution in Italian: The role of grammatical gender and context. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 416–434. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2011.526599
  • Carreiras, M., Garnham, A., Oakhill, J. & Cain, K. (1996). The use of stereotypical gender information in constructing a mental model: Evidence from English and Spanish. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 49, 639–663. doi: 10.1080/713755647
  • Casado, A., & Brunellière, A. (2016). The influence of sex information into spoken words: A mismatch negativity (MMN) study. Brain Research, 1650, 73–83. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.039
  • Duffy, S. A. & Keir, J. A. (2004). Violating stereotypes: Eye movements and comprehension processes when text conflicts with world knowledge. Memory & Cognition, 32, 551–559. doi: 10.3758/BF03195846
  • Esaulova, Y., Reali, C., & von Stockhausen, L. (2014). Influences of grammatical and stereotypical gender during reading: Eye movements in pronominal and noun phrase anaphor resolution. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29, 781–803. doi: 10.1080/01690965.2013.794295
  • Gabriel, U., Gygax, P., Sarrasin, O., Garnham, A., & Oakhill, J. (2008). Au pairs are rarely male: Norms on the gender perception of role names across English, French, and German. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 206–212. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.1.206
  • Gabriel, U., & Gygax, P. (2008). Can societal language amendments change gender representation? The case of Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 451–457. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00650.x
  • Garnham, A., Gabriel, U., Sarrasin, O., Gygax, P., & Oakhill, J. (2012). Gender representation in different languages and grammatical marking on pronouns: When beauticians, musicians, and mechanics remain men. Discourse Processes, 49, 481–500. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2012.688184
  • Garnham, A., & Oakhill, J. (1996). The mental models theory of language comprehension. In B. K. Britton & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Models of understanding text (pp. 313–339). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Garnham, A., Oakhill, J. & Reynolds, D. (2002). Are inferences from stereotyped role names to characters’ gender made elaboratively? Memory & Cognition, 30, 439–446. doi: 10.3758/BF03194944
  • Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101, 371–395. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.3.371
  • Gygax, P., Gabriel, U., Lévy, A., Pool, E., Grivel, M., & Pedrazzini, E. (2012). The masculine form and its competing interpretations in French: When linking grammatically masculine role names to female referents is difficult. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 24, 395–408. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2011.642858
  • Gygax, P., Gabriel, U., Sarrasin, O., Oakhill, J., & Garnham, A. (2008). Generically intended, but specifically interpreted: When beauticians, musicians, and mechanics are all men. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 464–485. doi: 10.1080/01690960701702035
  • Hanulíková, A., & Carreiras, M. (2015). Electrophysiology of subject-verb agreement mediated by speakers’ gender. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01396
  • Irmen, L. (2007). What’s in a (role) name? Formal and conceptual aspects of comprehending personal nouns. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 36, 431–456. doi: 10.1007/s10936-007-9053-z
  • Jobard, G., Vigneau, M., Mazoyer, B., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2007). Impact of modality and linguistic complexity during reading and listening tasks. NeuroImage, 34, 784–800. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.067
  • Kennison, S. M. & Trofe, J. L. (2003). Comprehending pronouns: A role for word-specific gender stereotype information. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 32, 355–378. doi: 10.1023/A:1023599719948
  • Lattner, S., & Friederici, A. D. (2003). Talker’s voice and gender stereotype in human auditory sentence processingevidence from event-related brain potentials. Neuroscience Letters, 339, 191–194. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00027-2
  • Marmolejo-Ramos, F., de Juan, M. R. E, Gygax, P., Madden, C. J., & Roa, S. M. (2009). Reading between the lines: The activation of background knowledge during text comprehension. Pragmatics & Cognition, 17, 77–107. doi: 10.1075/pc.17.1.03mar
  • Misersky, J., Gygax, P., Canal, P., Gabriel, U., Garnham, A., Braun, F., … Sczesny, S. (2014). Norms on the gender perception of role nouns in Czech, English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, and Slovak. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 841–871. doi: 10.3758/s13428-013-0409-z
  • Most, S. B., Sorber, A. V., & Cunningham, J. G. (2007). Auditory Stroop reveals implicit gender associations in adults and children. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 287–294. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.002
  • Oakhill, J., Garnham, A., & Reynolds, D. (2005). Immediate activation of stereotypical gender information. Memory & Cognition, 33, 972–983. doi: 10.3758/BF03193206
  • Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97–113. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4
  • Pyykkönen, P., Hyönä, J., & van Gompel, R. P. G. (2010). Activating gender stereotypes during online spoken language processing: Evidence from visual world eye tracking. Experimental Psychology, 57, 126–133. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000016
  • Reder, S. M. (1973). On-line monitoring of eye-position signals in contingent and noncontingent paradigms. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 5, 218–228. doi: 10.3758/BF03200168
  • RStudio Team. (2015). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.rstudio.com/
  • Stahlberg, D., & Sczesny, S. (2001). Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen [Effects of the generic use of the masculine pronoun and alternative forms of speech on the cognitive visibility of women]. Psychologische Rundschau, 52, 131–140. doi: 10.1026//0033-3042.52.3.131
  • Sturt, P. (2003). The time-course of the application of binding constraints in reference resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 542–562. doi: 10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00536-3
  • Tanenhaus, M. K., & Carlson, G. N. (1990). Comprehension of deep and surface verbphrase anaphors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 5, 257–280. doi: 10.1080/01690969008407064
  • Tremblay A., & Ransijn J. (2015). LMERConvenienceFunctions: Model selection and post-hoc analysis for (G)LMER models. R Package Version 2.10. Retrieved from http://cran.r-project.org/package=LMERConvenienceFunctions
  • Van Berkum, J. J. A., van den Brink, D., Tesink, C. M., Kos, M., & Hagoort, P. (2008). The neural integration of speaker and message. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 580–591. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20054
  • Vitevitch, M. S., Sereno, J., Jongman, A., & Goldstein, R. (2013). Speaker sex influences processing of grammatical gender. PLoS ONE, 8, e79701. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079701

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.