The fan effect influences face recognition but does not moderate the own-age bias

References

• Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2005). An own-age bias in face recognition for children and older adults. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 1043–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R. (1974). Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory. Cognitive Psychology, 6(4), 451–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Paulson, R. (1978). Interference in memory for pictorial information. Cognitive Psychology, 10(2), 178–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Reder, L. M. (1999). The fan effect: New results and new theories. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 128, 186–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., & Hugenberg, K. (2007). The cross-category effect: Mere social categorization is sufficient to elicit an own-group bias in face recognition. Psychological Science, 18(8), 706–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., & Young, A. (2012). Face perception. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, A. M., White, D., & McNeill, A. (2010). The Glasgow face matching test. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 286–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diana, R. A., Peterson, M. J., & Reder, L. M. (2004). The role of spurious feature familiarity in recognition memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11(1), 150–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner, N. C. (2008). Age of face matters: Age-group differences in ratings of young and old faces. Behavior Research Methods, 40(1), 130–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner, N. C., Riediger, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2010). FACES—a database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: Development and validation. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 351–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eimer, M. (1998). Does the face-specific N170 component reflect the activity of a specialized eye processor? Neuroreport, 9(13), 2945–2948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, W. D., & Lu, S. H. (2012). Testing the myth of the encoding–retrieval match. Memory & Cognition, 40, 28–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Going, M., & Read, J. D. (1974). Effects of uniqueness, sex of subject, and sex of photograph on facial recognition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 39(1), 109–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Y., Ebner, N. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). What predicts the own-age bias in face recognition memory? Social Cognition, 29(1), 97–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz, A., & Lovén, J. (2013). Sex differences and the own-gender bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic review. Visual Cognition, 21(9–10), 1306–1336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, P. J. (2012). A developmental study of the own-age face recognition bias in children. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 499–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockley, W. E., & Caron, A. M. (2007, November). Opposing strength- based mirror effects for words versus pictures: Evidence for within-list criterion changes. Paper presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Long Beach, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, I. N., & Wille, C. (1979). The von Restorff isolation effect in free recall. The Journal of General Psychology, 101(1), 27–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugenberg, K., & Corneille, O. (2009). Holistic processing is tuned for in-group faces. Cognitive Science, 33(6), 1173–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. H. (2005). Subcortical face processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(10), 766–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami, K., Williams, A., Sidhu, D., Choma, B. L., Rodriguez-Bailón, R., Cañadas, E., … Hugenberg, K. (2014). An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(1), 1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruschke, J. K. (2013). Bayesian estimation supersedes the t test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(2), 573–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuefner, D., Macchi Cassia, V., Picozzi, M., & Bricolo, E. (2008). Do all kids look alike? Evidence for an other-age effect in adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(4), 811–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leder, H., & Bruce, V. (1998). Local and relational aspects of face distinctiveness. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 51(3), 449–473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Letourneau, S. M., & Mitchell, T. V. (2008). Behavioral and ERP measures of holistic face processing in a composite task. Brain and Cognition, 67(2), 234–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017). Psychology’s replication crisis and the grant culture: Righting the ship. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(4), 660–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macchi Cassia, V. M., Kuefner, D., Picozzi, M., & Vescovo, E. (2009). Early experience predicts later plasticity for face processing: Evidence for the reactivation of dormant effects. Psychological Science, 20(7), 853–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macchi Cassia, V. M., Picozzi, M., Kuefner, D., & Casati, M. (2009). Short article: Why mix-ups don’t happen in the nursery: Evidence for an experience-based interpretation of the other-age effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(6), 1099–1107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macchi Cassia, V. M., Pisacane, A., & Gava, L. (2012). No own-age bias in 3-year-old children: More evidence for the role of early experience in building face-processing biases. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113, 372–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer, D., Le Grand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 255–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(1), 3–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, C., Rossion, B., Han, J., Chung, C. S., & Caldara, R. (2006). Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of one’s own race. Psychological Science, 17(7), 608–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondloch, C. J., Elms, N., Maurer, D., Rhodes, G., Hayward, W. G., Tanaka, J. W., & Zhou, G. (2010). Processes underlying the cross-race effect: An investigation of holistic, featural, and relational processing of own-race versus other-race faces. Perception, 39(8), 1065–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neath, I., & Brown, G. D. (2006). SIMPLE: Further applications of a local distinctiveness model of memory. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 46, 201–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, M. T. (2014). Effects of in-group bias on face recognition using minimal group procedures (Doctoral dissertation). Colorado State University.
   Google Scholar
• Oates, J. M., & Peynircioğlu, Z. F. (2014). Psychological/social factors are not robust predictors of face recognition biases. Poster presentation at the Eastern Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Park, H., Arndt, J., & Reder, L. M. (2006). A contextual interference account of distinctiveness effects in recognition. Memory & Cognition, 34(4), 743–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier, M., Nairne, J. S., Morin, C., Zimmermann, F. G., Koutmeridou, K., & Fowler, J. (2012). Memory as discrimination: A challenge to the encoding–retrieval match principle. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 16–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliff, N. J., Hugenberg, K., Shriver, E. R., & Bernstein, M. J. (2011). The allure of status: High-status targets are privileged in face processing and memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(8), 1003–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reder, L. M., Donavos, D. K., & Erickson, M. A. (2002). Perceptual match effects in direct tests of memory: The role of contextual fan. Memory & Cognition, 30(2), 312–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reder, L. M., Victoria, L. W., Manelis, A., Oates, J. M., Dutcher, J. M., Bates, J. T., … Gyulai, F. (2013). Why it’s easier to remember seeing a face we already know than one we don’t preexisting memory representations facilitate memory formation. Psychological Science, 24(3), 363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezlescu, C., Susilo, T., Wilmer, J. B., & Caramazza, A. (2017). The inversion, part-whole, and composite effects reflect distinct perceptual mechanisms with varied relationships to face recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43(12), 1961–1973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, M. G., & Anastasi, J. S. (2012). The own-age bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 138(1), 146–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, G., Lie, H. C., Ewing, L., Evangelista, E., & Tanaka, J. W. (2010). Does perceived race affect discrimination and recognition of ambiguous-race faces? A test of the sociocognitive hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 217–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouder, J. N., Speckman, P. L., Sun, D., Morey, R. D., & Iverson, G. (2009). Bayesian t tests for accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(2), 225–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, L. A., & Wagler, M. C. (2017). Social categories alone are insufficient to elicit an in-group advantage in perceptions of within-person variability. Perception, 46(8), 929–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sormaz, M., Andrews, T. J., & Young, A. W. (2013). Contrast negation and the importance of the eye region for holistic representations of facial identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(6), 1667–1677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46(2), 225–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., Kiefer, M., & Bukach, C. M. (2004). A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: Evidence from a cross-cultural study. Cognition, 93(1), B1–B9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., & Simonyi, D. (2016). The “parts and wholes” of face recognition: A review of the literature. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69(10), 1876–1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 43(2), 161–204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valentine, T., & Bruce, V. (1985). What's up? The Margaret Thatcher illusion revisited. Perception, 14(4), 515–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, T., & Endo, M. (1992). Towards an exemplar model of face processing: The effects of race and distinctiveness. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 44(4), 671–703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vokey, J. R., & Read, J. D. (1992). Familiarity, memorability, and the effect of typicality on the recognition of faces. Memory & Cognition, 20(3), 291–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Restorff, H. (1933). Über die wirkung von bereichsbildungen im spurenfeld. Psychologische Forschung, 18(1), 299–342.
   Google Scholar
• Wagenmakers, E. J. (2007). A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(5), 779–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, O. C., & Watkins, M. J. (1975). Buildup of proactive inhibition as a cue-overload effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1(4), 442–452.
   Google Scholar
• Whalen, P. J., Kagan, J., Cook, R. G., Davis, F. C., Kim, H., Polis, S., … Johnstone, T. (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, 306(5704), 2061–2061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiese, H., Kachel, U., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2013). Holistic face processing of own-and other-age faces in young and older adults: ERP evidence from the composite face task. Neuroimage, 74, 306–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiese, H., Komes, J., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2013). Ageing faces in ageing minds: A review on the own-age bias in face recognition. Visual Cognition, 21, 1337–1363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiese, H., Wolff, N., Steffens, M. C., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2013). How experience shapes memory for faces: An event-related potential study on the own-age bias. Biological Psychology, 94(2), 369–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, A. W., & Burton, A. M. (2017). Recognizing faces. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 212–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar