247
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Sex-dependent effects of threatening emotion on perceived gaze direction

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 755-763 | Received 23 Apr 2021, Accepted 21 Jun 2022, Published online: 30 Jun 2022

References

  • Adams, R. B., Franklin, R. G., Kveraga, K., Ambady, N., Kleck, R. E., Whalen, P. J., … Nelson, A. J. (2012). Amygdala responses to averted vs direct gaze fear vary as a function of presentation speed. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(5), 568-577. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr038
  • Adams, R. B., Gordon, H. L., Baird, A. A., Ambady, N., & Kleck, R. E. (2003). Effects of gaze on amygdala sensitivity to anger and fear faces. Science, 300(5625), 1536. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082244
  • Adams, R. B., Hess, U., & Kleck, R. E. (2015). The intersection of gender-related facial appearance and facial displays of emotion. Emotion Review, 7(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914544407
  • Adams, R. B., & Kleck, R. E. (2003). Perceived gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of emotion. Psychological Science, 14(6), 644–647. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1479.x
  • Adams, R. B., & Kleck, R. E. (2005). Effects of direct and averted gaze on the perception of facially communicated emotion. Emotion, 5(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.3
  • Adams, R. B., & Nelson, A. J. (2011). Intersecting Identities and Expressions: The Compound Nature of Social Perception.
  • Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433(7021), 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03086
  • Alexandra, F., Bayliss, A. P., & Tipper, S. P. (2007). Gaze cueing of attention: Visual attention, social cognition, and individual differences. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 694. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.694
  • Alwall, N., Johansson, D., & Hansen, S. (2010). The gender difference in gaze-cueing: Associations with empathizing and systemizing. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(7), 729–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.06.016
  • Artuso, C., Palladino, P., & Ricciardelli, P. (2012). How do we update faces? Effects of gaze direction and facial expressions on working memory updating. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00362
  • Babchuk, W. A., Hames, R. B., & Thompson, R. A. (1985). Sex differences in the recognition of infant facial expressions of emotion: The primary caretaker hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6(2), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(85)90002-0
  • Bayliss, A. P., di Pellegrino, G., & Tipper, S. P. (2005). Sex differences in eye gaze and symbolic cueing of attention. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(4), 631–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000124
  • Becker, D. V., Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Blackwell, K. C., & Smith, D. M. (2007). The confounded nature of angry men and happy women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.179
  • Bindemann, M., Burton, A. M., & Langton, S. R. H. (2008). How do eye gaze and facial expression interact? Visual Cognition, 16(6), 708–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280701269318
  • Chiara, C., Karim, N. D., Margitta, S., Patrik, V., & David, S. (2009). Integration of gaze direction and facial expression in patients with unilateral amygdala damage. Brain A Journal of Neurology, 133(Pt 1), 248.
  • Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender.. Psychological Bulletin, 122(1), 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5
  • Deaner, R. O., Shepherd, S. V., & Platt, M. L. (2007). Familiarity accentuates gaze cuing in women but not men. Biology Letters, 3(1), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0564
  • El Zein, M., Gamond, L., Conty, L., & Grezes, J. (2015). Selective attention effects on early integration of social signals: Same timing, modulated neural sources. Neuroimage, 106, 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.063
  • Engell, A. D., & Haxby, J. V. (2007). Facial expression and gaze-direction in human superior temporal sulcus. Neuropsychologia, 45(14), 3234–3241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.022
  • Ewbank, M. P., Jennings, C., & Calder, A. J. (2009). Why are you angry with me? Facial expressions of threat influence perception of gaze direction. Journal of Vision, 9(12), 16–16. https://doi.org/10.1167/9.12.16
  • Gamer, M., & Hecht, H. (2007). Are you looking at me? Measuring the cone of gaze. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(3), 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.33.3.705
  • Ganel, T. (2011). Revisiting the relationship between the processing of gaze direction and the processing of facial expression. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019962
  • Ganel, T., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., & Goodale, M. A. (2005). Interactions between the processing of gaze direction and facial expression. Vision Research, 45(9), 1191–1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.06.025
  • Gervais, S. J., Vescio, T. K., & Allen, J. (2011). When What You See Is What You Get: The Consequences of the Objectifying Gaze for Women and Men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684310386121
  • Goodman, L. R., Phelan, H. L., & Johnson, S. A. (2012). Sex differences for the recognition of direct versus averted gaze faces. Memory (Hove, England), 20(3), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2011.651089
  • Graham, R., Friesen, C. K., Fichtenholtz, H. M., & LaBar, K. S. (2010). Modulation of reflexive orienting to gaze direction by facial expressions. Visual Cognition, 18(3), 331–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280802689281
  • Graham, R., & LaBar, K. S. (2007). Garner interference reveals dependencies between emotional expression and gaze in face perception. Emotion, 7(2), 296–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.296
  • Guéguen, N., & Jacob, C. (2002). Direct look versus evasive glance and compliance with a request. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(3), 393–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603907
  • Hakala, J., Katsyri, J., Takala, T., & Hakkinen, J. (2016). Perception of stereoscopic direct gaze: The effects of interaxial distance and emotional facial expressions. Journal of Vision, 16(9), 5. https://doi.org/10.1167/16.9.5
  • Hu, Z., Gendron, M., Liu, Q., Zhao, G., & Li, H. (2017). Trait anxiety impacts the perceived gaze direction of fearful But Not angry faces. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01186.
  • Jun, Y. Y., Mareschal, I., Clifford, C. W., & Dadds, M. R. (2013). Cone of direct gaze as a marker of social anxiety in males. Psychiatry Research, 210(1), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.020
  • Karim, N. D., David, S., & Patrik, V. (2009). Self-relevance processing in the human amygdala: Gaze direction, facial expression, and emotion intensity. Emotion, 9(6), 798–806. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017845
  • Lassalle, A., & Itier, R. J. (2013). Fearful, surprised, happy, and angry facial expressions modulate gaze-oriented attention: Behavioral and ERP evidence. Social Neuroscience, 8(6), 583–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2013.835750
  • Li, H., Yuan, J., & Lin, C. (2008). The neural mechanism underlying the female advantage in identifying negative emotions: An event-related potential study. Neuroimage, 40(4), 1921–1929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.033
  • Lobmaier, J. S., Hartmann, M., Volz, A. J., & Mast, F. W. (2013). Emotional expression affects the accuracy of gaze perception. Motivation and Emotion, 37(1), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9295-4
  • Lobmaier, J. S., & Perrett, D. I. (2011). The world smiles at me: Self-referential positivity bias when interpreting direction of attention. Cognition & Emotion, 25(2), 334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931003794557
  • Lobmaier, J. S., Tiddeman, B. P., & Perrett, D. I. (2008). Emotional expression modulates perceived gaze direction. Emotion, 8(4), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.4.573
  • Mareschal, I., Calder, A. J., & Clifford, C. W. (2013). Humans have an expectation that gaze is directed toward them. Current Biology, 23(8), 717–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.030
  • Matsuyoshi, D., Kuraguchi, K., Tanaka, Y., Uchida, S., Ashida, H., & Watanabe, K. (2014). Individual differences in autistic traits predict the perception of direct gaze for males, but not for females. Molecular Autism, 5(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-5-12
  • McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003
  • Montagne, B., Kessels, R. P. C., Frigerio, E., Haan, E. H. F. D., & Perrett, D. I. (2005). Sex differences in the perception of affective facial expressions: Do men really lack emotional sensitivity? Cognitive Processing, 6(2), 136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-005-0050-6
  • Nomi, J. S., Frances, C., Nguyen, M. T., Bastidas, S., & Troup, L. J. (2013). Interaction of threat expressions and eye gaze: an event-related potential study. Neuroreport, 24(14), 813–817. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283647682
  • Orozco, S., & Ehlers, C. L. (1998). Gender differences in electrophysiological responses to facial stimuli. Biological Psychiatry, 44(4), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00487-3
  • Pourtois, G., Sander, D., Andres, M. D., Reveret, L., Olivier, E., & Vuilleumier, P. (2015). Dissociable roles of the human somatosensory and superior temporal cortices for processing social face signals. European Journal of Neuroscience, 20(12), 3507–3515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03794.x
  • Ramikie, T. S., & Ressler, K. J. (2018). Mechanisms of Sex differences in fear and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 83(10), 876–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.016
  • Rhodes, G., Addison, B., Jeffery, L., Ewbank, M., & Calder, A. J. (2012). Facial expressions of threat influence perceived gaze direction in 8 year-olds. Plos One, 7(11), e49317. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049317
  • Rigato, S., Farroni, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2010). The shared signal hypothesis and neural responses to expressions and gaze in infants and adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(1), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsp037
  • Rimmele, U., & Lobmaier, J. S. (2012). Stress increases the feeling of being looked at. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(2), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.06.013
  • Russell, L. H., Gould, K. L., & Fergus, T. A. (2017). Self-construal and gender interact to cause social evaluative concerns. Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 51–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.041
  • Schulze, L., Lobmaier, J. S., Arnold, M., & Renneberg, B. (2013). All eyes on me? ! Social anxiety and self-directed perception of eye gaze. Cognition & Emotion, 27(7), 1305.
  • Shi, Y., Liu, J., Hu, Z., & Gao, S. (2020). Opposing sex-dependent effects of oxytocin on the perception of gaze direction. Psychopharmacology, 237(3), 869–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05423-9
  • Slepian, M. L., Weisbuch, M., Adams, R. B., & Ambady, N. (2011). Gender moderates the relationship between emotion and perceived gaze.. Emotion, 11(6), 1439–1444. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026163
  • Vida, M. D., Maurer, D., Calder, A. J., Rhodes, G., Walsh, J. A., Pachai, M. V., & Rutherford, M. D. (2013). The influences of face inversion and facial expression on sensitivity to eye contact in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(11), 2536–2548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1802-2
  • Ziaei, M., Ebner, N. C., & Burianová, H. (2016). Functional brain networks involved in gaze and emotional processing. European Journal of Neuroscience, 45(2). doi:10.1111/ejn.13464

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.