523
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

How state anxiety influences retrospective time perception: the moderated mediation of perceived control and memory bias

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 76-87 | Received 15 Jun 2021, Accepted 02 Sep 2022, Published online: 12 Sep 2022

References

  • Bar-Haim, Y., Kerem, A., Lamy, D., & Zakay, D. (2010). When time slows down: The influence of threat on time perception in anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 24(2), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903387603
  • Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00069-1
  • Block, R. A. (2003). Psychological timing without a timer: The roles of attention and memory. In H. Helfrich (Ed.), Time and mind II: Information processing perspectives (pp. 41–59). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
  • Block, R. A., & Gruber, R. P. (2014). Time perception, attention, and memory: A selective review. Acta Psychologica, 149, 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.11.003
  • Block, R. A., Hancock, P. A., & Zakay, D. (2010). How cognitive load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Acta Psychologica, 134(3), 330–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.03.006
  • Block, R. A., & Reed, M. A. (1978). Remembered duration: Evidence for a contextual-change hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(6), 656–665. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.4.6.656
  • Block, R. A., & Zakay, D. (1997). Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4(2), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209393
  • Buetti, S., & Lleras, A. (2012). Perceiving control over aversive and fearful events can alter how we experience those events: An investigation of time perception in spider-fearful individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00337
  • Buetti, S., Xue, F., Liu, Q., Hur, J., Ng, G. J. P., & Heller, W. (2020). Perceived control in the lab and in daily life impact emotion-induced temporal distortions. Timing & Time Perception, 9(1), 88–122. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-bja10018
  • Campbell, L. A., & Bryant, R. A. (2007). How time flies: A study of novice skydivers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(6), 1389–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.05.011
  • Claessens, B. J. C., Eerde, W. V., Rutte, C. G., & Roe, R. A. (2004). Planning behavior and perceived control of time at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), 937–950. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.292
  • Droit-Volet, S., & Meck, W. H. (2007). How emotions colour our perception of time. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(12), 504–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.008
  • Dzaack, J., Trösterer, S., Pape, N., & Urbas, L. (2007). A computational model of retrospective time estimation. Cognitive Systems Research, 8(3), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.06.003
  • Eisler, H. (1976). Experiments on subjective duration 1868-1975: A collection of power function exponents. Psychological Bulletin, 83(6), 1154–1171. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.83.6.1154
  • Eysenck, M. W. (1997). Anxiety and cognition: A unified theory. Psychology Press.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Grondin, S. (2010). Timing and time perception: A review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(3), 561–582. https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.3.561
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Herrera, S., Montorio, I., Cabrera, I., & Botella, J. (2017). Memory bias for threatening information related to anxiety: An updated meta-analytic review. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 29(7), 832–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2017.1319374
  • Koriat, A. (1993). How do we know that we know? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychological Review, 100(4), 609–639. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.609
  • Koriat, A., & Levy-Sadot, R. (2001). The combined contributions of the cue-familiarity and accessibility heuristics to feelings of knowing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(1), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.1.34
  • Labouvie-Vief, G., Lumley, M. A., Jain, E., & Heinze, H. (2003). Age and gender differences in cardiac reactivity and subjective emotion responses to emotional autobiographical memories. Emotion, 3(2), 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.2.115
  • Leotti, L. A., & Delgado, M. R. (2011). The inherent reward of choice. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1310–1318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417005
  • Liu, J., & Li, H. (2019). Interactive effects of trait and state anxieties on time perception. Acta Psychologica, 195, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.03.004
  • Liu, J., & Li, H. (2020). How individuals perceive time in an anxious state: The mediating effect of attentional bias. Emotion, 20(5), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000586
  • Lueck, M. D. (2007). Anxiety levels: Do they influence the perception of time? Journal of Undergraduate Research, 10, 1–5.
  • Macan, T. H. (1994). Time management: Test of a process model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.381
  • Macan, T. H., Shahani, C., Dipboye, R. L., & Phillips, A. P. (1990). College students’ time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(4), 760–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760
  • McClain, L. (1983). Interval estimation: Effect of processing demands on prospective and retrospective reports. Perception & Psychophysics, 34(2), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211347
  • McCormack, H. M., Horne, D. J., & Sheather, S. (1988). Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: A critical review. Psychological Medicine, 18(4), 1007–1019. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700009934
  • Mereu, S., & Lleras, A. (2013). Feelings of control restore distorted time perception of emotionally charged events. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(1), 306–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.08.004
  • Metcalfe, J., Schwartz, B. L., & Joaquim, S. G. (1993). The cue-familiarity heuristic in metacognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(4), 851–861. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.851
  • Mioni, G., Stablum, F., Prunetti, E., & Grondin, S. (2016). Time perception in anxious and depressed patients: A comparison between time reproduction and time production tasks. Journal of Affective Disorders, 196, 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.047
  • Reder, L. M., & Ritter, F. E. (1992). What determines initial feeling of knowing? Familiarity with question terms, not with the answer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(3), 435–451. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.3.435
  • Tafarodi, R. W., Marshall, T. C., & Milne, A. B. (2003). Self-esteem and memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.29
  • Tse, P. U., Intriligator, J., Rivest, J., & Cavanagh, P. (2004). Attention and the subjective expansion of time. Perception & Psychophysics, 66(7), 1171–1189. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196844
  • Wallston, K. A., Wallston, B. S., Smith, S., & Dobbins, C. J. (1987). Perceived control and health. Current Psychology, 6(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686633
  • Wittmann, M., & van Wassenhove, V. (2009). The experience of time: Neural mechanisms and the interplay of emotion, cognition, and embodiment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1809–1813. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0025
  • Yoo, J.-Y., & Lee, J.-H. (2015). The effects of valence and arousal on time perception in individuals with social anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1208), 1208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01208.
  • Zakay, D., & Block, R. A. (1995). An attentional-gate model of prospective time estimation. In M. Richelle, V. D. Keyser, G. d’Ydewalle, & A. Vandierendonck (Eds.), Time and the dynamic control of behavior (pp. 167–178). Universite de Liege.
  • Zakay, D., & Block, R. A. (2004). Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: An executive-control perspective. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 64(3), 319–328.
  • Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. doi:10.1086/651257

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.