Using embedded instruction to teach functional skills to a preschool child with autism

References

• Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M. and Risley, T. R. 1968. Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis, J. Appl. Behav. Anal., 1, 91–97.10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, D. B. and Wolery, M. 1992. Strategies for intervention: teaching procedures and options, in Teaching infants and preschoolers with disabilities, 2nd edn, (eds. A. Castel and S. G. Langner), 161–196; Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Billingsley, F. F., White, O. R. and Munson, R. 1980. Procedural reliability: a rationale and an example, Behav. Assess., 2, 229–241.
   Google Scholar
• Bricker, D. and Cripe, J. 1992. An activity-based approach to early intervention; Baltimore, MD, Paul H. Brookes.
   Google Scholar
• Davenport, L. A. and Johnston, S. S. 2015. Using most-to-least prompting and contingent consequences to teach numeracy in inclusive early childhood classrooms, Top. Early Child. Spec. Edu., 34, 250–261.10.1177/0271121413518824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grisham-Brown, J., Pretti-Frontczak, K., Hawkins, S. R. and Winchell, B. N. 2009. Addressing early learning standards for all children within blended preschool classrooms, Top. Early Child. Spec. Educ., 29, 131–142.10.1177/0271121409333796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grisham-Brown, J., Schuster, J. W., Hemmeter, M. L. and Collins, B. C. 2000. Using an embedding strategy to teach preschoolers with significant disabilities, J. Behav. Edu., 10, 139–162.10.1023/A:1016688130297
   Google Scholar
• Guess, D. and Helmstetter, E. 1986. Skill cluster instruction and the individualized curriculum sequencing model, in Education of learners with severe handicaps: Exemplary service strategies, (eds. R. H. Horner, L. H. Meyer and H. D. Bud Fredericks), 221–250; Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, S., Nelson, C., Evans, J. and Palazolo, K. 2003. The use of visual supports in teaching young children with autism spectrum disorder to initiate interactions, Augment. Altern. Commun., 19, 86–103.10.1080/0743461031000112016
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin, A. E. 1977. Assessing the clinical or applied importance of behavior change through social validation, Behav. Modif., 1, 427–452.10.1177/014544557714001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratochwill, T. R., Hitchcock, J., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M. and Shadish, W. R. 2010. Single-case designs technical documentation. http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/pdf/wwc_scd.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kratochwill, T. R. and Levin, J. R. 1992. Single-case research design and analysis: new directions for psychology and education; Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Ledford, J. R., Lane, J. D., Elam, K. L. and Wolery, M. 2012. Using response-prompting procedures during small-group direct instruction: outcomes and procedural variations, Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil., 117, 413–434.10.1352/1944-7558-117.5.413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Jr, Leventhal, B. L., et al. 2000. The autism diagnostic observation schedule generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism, J. Autism Dev. Disord., 30, 205–223.10.1023/A:1005592401947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losardo, A. and Bricker, D. 1994. Activity-based intervention and direct instruction: a comparison study, Am. J. Ment. Retard., 98, 744–765.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Autism Center. 2015. Findings and conclusions: national standards project, phase 2; Randolph, MA, Author.
   Google Scholar
• Neef, N. A., Walters, J. and Egel, A. L. 1984. Establishing generative yes/no responses in developmentally disabled children, J. Appl. Behav. Anal., 17, 453–460.10.1901/jaba.1984.17-453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. I. and Hagan-Burke, S. 2007. Median-based overlap analysis for single case data: a second study. Behav. Modif., 31, 919–936.10.1177/0145445507303452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J. and Brown, L. 2009. The improvement rate difference for single-case research, Except. Child., 75, 135–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J. and Davis, J. L. 2011. Effect size in single-case research: a review of nine nonoverlap techniques, Behav. Modif., 35, 303–322.10.1177/0145445511399147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J., Davis, J. L. and Sauber, S. B. 2011. Combining nonoverlap and trend for single-case research: Tau-U, Behav. Ther., 42, 284–299.10.1016/j.beth.2010.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsonson, B. and Baer, D. 1978. The analysis and presentation of graphic data, in Single-subject research: strategies for evaluating change, (ed. T. Kratochwill), 105–165; New York, NY, Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rakap, S. 2015. Effect sizes as result interpretation aids in single-subject experimental research: description and application of four nonoverlap methods. Br. J. Spec. Educ., 42, 11–33.10.1111/bjsp.2015.42.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakap, S. and Parlak-Rakap, A. 2011. Effectiveness of embedded instruction in early childhood special education: a literature review, Eur. Early Child. Educ. Res. J., 19, 79–96.10.1080/1350293X.2011.548946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakap, S., Snyder, P. and Pasia, C. 2014. Comparison of nonoverlap methods for identifying treatment effect in single-subject experimental research, Behav. Disord., 39, 128–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repp, A. C., Dietz, D. E. D., Boles, S. M., Dietz, S. M. and Repp, C. F. 1976. Differences among common methods for calculating interobserver agreement, J. Appl. Behav. Anal., 9, 109–113.10.1901/jaba.1976.9-109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepis, M. M., Reid, D. H., Ownbey, J. and Parsons, M. B. 2001. Training support staff to embed teaching within natural routines of young children with disabilities in an inclusive preschool, J. Appl. Behav. Anal., 34, 313–327.10.1901/jaba.2001.34-313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F. and Daly, K. 1980. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), J. Autism Dev. Disord., 10, 91–103.10.1007/BF02408436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, P., Hemmeter, M. L., McLaughlin, T., Algina, J., Sandall, S. and McLean, M. 2011. Impact of professional development on preschool teachers’ use of embedded-instruction practices. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA, April.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, P., Hemmeter, M. L., McLean, M. E., Sandall, S. and McLaughlin, T. 2013. Embedded instruction to support early learning in response-to-intervention frameworks, in Handbook of response-to-intervention in early childhood, (eds. V. Buysse and E. Peisner-Feinberg), 283–298; Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, P., Hemmeter, M. L., Sandall, S. and McLean, M. E. 2007. Impact of professional development on preschool teachers’ use of embedded instruction practices: research narrative. http://ies.ed.gov/funding/grantsearch/details.asp?ID=576
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, P., Rakap, S., Hemmeter, M. L., McLaughlin, T., Sandall, S. and McLean, M. 2015. Naturalistic instructional approaches in early learning: a systematic review, J. Early Intervention, 37, 69–97.10.1177/1053815115595461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toelken, S. and Miltenberger, R. G. 2012. Increasing independence among children diagnosed with autism using a brief embedded teaching strategy, Behav. Interventions, 27, 93–104.10.1002/bin.v27.2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venn, M. L., Wolery, M., Werts, M. G., Morris, A., DeCesare, L. D. and Cuffs, M. S. 1993. Embedding instruction in art activities to teach preschoolers with disabilities to imitate their peers, Early Child. Res. Q., 8, 277–294.10.1016/S0885-2006(05)80068-7
   Google Scholar
• Witt, J. C. and Martens, B. K. 1983. Assessing the acceptability of behavioral interventions used in classrooms. Psychol. Schools, 20, 510–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolery, M., Ault, M. J., Doyle, P. M. and Gast, D. L. 1986. Comparison of instructional strategies: a literature review. (U.S. Department of Education, Grant No. G008530197); Lexington, KY, Department of Special Education.
   Google Scholar
• Wolery, M., Ault, M. J. and Doyle, P. M. 1992. Teaching students with moderate to severe disabilities. Use of response prompting strategies; New York, NY, Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, M. M. 1978. Social validity: The case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart, J. Appl. Behav. Anal., 11, 203–214.10.1901/jaba.1978.11-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar