High seroprevalence and peripheral spatial distribution of visceral leishmaniasis among domestic dogs in an emerging urban focus in Central Brazil: a cross-sectional study

References

• Conti RV, Moura Lane VF, Montebello L, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis epidemiologic evolution in timeframes, based on demographic changes and scientific achievements in Brazil. J Vector Borne Dis. 2016;53(2):99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harhay MO, Olliaro PL, Costa DL, et al. Urban parasitology: visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Trends Parasitol. 2011;27(9):403–9.10.1016/j.pt.2011.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa CHN. Characterization and speculations on the urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(12):2959–63.10.1590/S0102-311X2008001200027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneck GL. Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: rationale and concerns related to reservoir control. Rev Saude Publica. 2014;48(5):851–5.10.1590/S0034-8910.2014048005615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Leishmaniose visceral – Situação epidemiológica. 2016 [cited 2017 Aug 17]. Available from: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/o-ministerio/principal/leia-mais-o-ministerio/726-secretaria-svs/vigilancia-de-a-a-z/leishmaniose-visceral-lv/11334-situacao-epidemiologica-dados.
   Google Scholar
• Mestre GLC, Fontes CJF. A expansão da epidemia da leishmaniose visceral no Estado de Mato Grosso, 1998-2005. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2007;40(1):42–8.10.1590/S0037-86822007000100008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guimarães AGF, Alves GBM, Pessoa AM, et al. Spatial analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Rondonópolis, in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso, from 2003 to 2012: human, canine and vector distribution in areas of disease transmission. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2015;48(3):291–300.10.1590/0037-8682-0001-2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Manual de Vigilância e controle de Leishmaniose Visceral. 2006 [cited 2017 Oct 30]. Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/manual_vigilancia_controle_leishmaniose_visceral.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. DATASUS. Leishmaniose visceral – Casos notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – Mato Grosso. 2016 [cited 2017 Jul 30]. Available from: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?sinannet/cnv/leishvmt.def.
   Google Scholar
• Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O. Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol. 2009;136:1915–1934.10.1017/S0031182009991156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa AP, Costa FB, Soares HS, et al. Environmental factors and ecosystems associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015;15(12):765–74.10.1089/vbz.2015.1866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneck GL, Costa CHN, Walker AM, et al. Multilevel modelling of the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina. Brazil. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135:195–201.10.1017/S0950268806006881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira CDL, Assunção RM, Reis IA, et al. Spatial distribution of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brasil, 1994–1997. Cad Saude Publica. 2001;17(5):1231–9.10.1590/S0102-311X2001000500023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teixeira-Neto RG, Silva ES, Nascimento RA, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis in an urban setting of Southeastern Brazil: an ecological study involving spatial analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:485.10.1186/s13071-014-0485-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coura-Vital W, Marques MJ, Veloso VM, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with leishmania infantum infection of dogs from an urban area of brazil as identified by molecular methods. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(8):1291.10.1371/journal.pntd.0001291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida ABPF, Sousa VRF, Cruz FACS, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: seroprevalence and risk factors in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2012;21(4):359–65.10.1590/S1984-29612012005000005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes PM, Boa Sorte EC, Gasparetto ND, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in Jaciara, State of Mato Grosso. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2014;47(6):791–5.10.1590/0037-8682-0027-2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel DS, Ramos RAN, Santana MA, et al. Prevalence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in an endemic area of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2015;48(4):491–3.10.1590/0037-8682-0224-2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa DS, Belo VS, Rangel MES, et al. Spatial analysis for identification of priority areas for surveillanceand control in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Brazil. Acta Trop. 2014;131:56–62.10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO).  Control of leishmaniasis. Report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Araújo VEM, Pinheiro LC, Almeida MCM, et al. Relative risk of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: a spatial analysis in urban area. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(11):e2540.10.1371/journal.pntd.0002540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira CDL, Morais MHF, Machado-Coelho GLL. Visceral leishmaniasis in large Brazilian cities: challenges for control. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(12):2953–8.10.1590/S0102-311X2008001200026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luz JGG, Carvalho AG, Marques AP, et al. Intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors in preschoolers from different urban settings in Central-Western Brazil. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2017;7(7):405–10.10.12980/apjtd.7.2017D7-90
   Google Scholar
• Kirby RS, Delmelle E, Eberth JM. Advances in spatial epidemiology and geographic information systems. Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27:1–9.10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melchior LAK, Brilhante AF, Chiaravalloti-Neto F. Spatial and temporal distribution of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Acre state. Brazil. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6:99.10.1186/s40249-017-0311-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro DDMT, Bavia ME, Rocha WJSF, et al. Application of spatio-temporal scan statistics for the detection of areas with increased risk for American visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Geospat Health. 2007;2(1):113–126.10.4081/gh.2007.260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges LFNM, Lopes EGP, Freitas ACP, et al. Prevalência e distribuição espacial da leishmaniose visceral em cães do município de Juatuba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Cienc Rural. 2014;44(2):352–7.10.1590/S0103-84782014000200025
   Google Scholar
• Dias AFLR, Almeida ABPF, Cruz FACS, et al. Seroprevalence and spatial analysis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Pantanal region, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. J Zoonotic Dis Public Health. 2017;1(1):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Cidades@ – Rondonópolis; 2017 [cited 2017 Sep 29]. Available from: http://cod.ibge.gov.br/2VD3L.
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Censo Demográfico; 2010 [cited 2016 Jul 27]. Available from: https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/.
   Google Scholar
• Savani ESMM, Schimonsky BV, Camargo MCGO. D’auria SRN. Vigilância de leishmaniose visceral americana em cães de área não endêmica, São Paulo. Rev Saude Publica. 2003;37(2):260–2.10.1590/S0034-89102003000200016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luiz RR, Magnanini MMF. A lógica da determinação do tamanho da amostra em investigações epidemiológicas. Cad Saude Colet. 2000;8(2):9–28.
   Google Scholar
• Lage JP, Assunção RM, Reis EA. A minimal spanning tree algorithm applied to spatial cluster analysis. Electron Notes Discrete Math. 2001;7:162–5.10.1016/S1571-0653(04)00250-1
   Google Scholar
• AssunÇão RM, Neves MC, Câmara G, et al. Efficient regionalization techniques for socio-economic geographical units using minimum spanning trees. Int J Geogr Inf Sci. 2006;20(7):797–811.10.1080/13658810600665111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QGIS Development Team. Quantum GIS geographic information system. Open source geospatial foundation project, v. 2.10 Pisa; 2012 [cited 01 Aug 2016]. Available from: http://qgis.org.
   Google Scholar
• Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Nota Técnica Conjunta nº 1, de. Esclarecimentos sobre substituição do protocolo diagnóstico da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC). Brasília: Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis/Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Gatrell AC, Bailey TC, Diggle PJ, et al. Spatial point pattern analysis and its application in geographical epidemiology. Trans Inst Br Geogr. 1996;21:256–274.10.2307/622936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursine RL, Dias JVL, Morais HA, et al. Human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in an emerging focus in Araçuaí, Minas Gerais: spatial distribution and socio-environmental factors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2016;111(8):505–11.10.1590/0074-02760160133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulldorff M, Nagarwalla N. Spatial disease clusters: Detection and inference. Stat Med. 1995;14(8):799–810.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulldorff M. A spatial scan statistic. Commun Stat Theory Methods. 1997;26(6):1481–96.10.1080/03610929708831995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito FG, Langoni H, Silva RC, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Northeast Region of Brazil. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 2016;22:15.10.1186/s40409-016-0069-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferroglio E, Maroli M, Gastaldo S, et al. Canine leishmaniasis. Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(10):1618–20.10.3201/eid1110.040966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes S, Vaz Y, Neves R, et al. Risk factors for canine leishmaniasis in an endemic Mediterranean region. Vet Parasitol. 2012;189:189–196.10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barata RA, Peixoto JC, Tanure A, et al. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in a reemerging focus of intense transmission in Minas Gerais state. Brazil Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:405083.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva AVM, Magalhães MAFM, Brazil RP, et al. Ecological study and risk mapping of leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil based on a geographical information systems approach. Geospat Health. 2011;6(1):33–40.10.4081/gh.2011.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reguera RM, Morán M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, et al. Current status on prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol. 2016;227:98–114.10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neto JC, Werneck GL, Costa CHN. Factors associated with the incidence of urban visceral leishmaniasis: an ecological study in Teresina, Piauí State, Brazils. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(7):1543–51.10.1590/S0102-311X2009000700012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneck GL, Costa CHN, Walker AM, et al. The urban spread of visceral leishmaniasis: clues from spatial analysis. Epidemiology. 2002;13(3):364–7.10.1097/00001648-200205000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margonari C, Freitas CR, Ribeiro RC, et al. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis through spatial analysis, in Belo Horizonte municipality, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006;101(1):31–8.10.1590/S0074-02762006000100007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraga DBM, Solcà MS, Silva VMG, et al. Temporal distribution of positive results of tests for detecting Leishmania infection in stray dogs of an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in the Brazilian tropics: a 13 years survey and association with human disease. Vet Parasitol. 2012;190:591–4.10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peixoto HM, Oliveira MRF, Romero GAS. Serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20(3):334–52.10.1111/tmi.12429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belo VS, Struchiner CJ, Werneck GL, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the factors associated with Leishmania infantum infection in dogs in Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2013;195:1–13.10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero GAS, Boelaert M. Control of visceral leishmaniasis in Latin America – a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(1):e584.10.1371/journal.pntd.0000584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar