Sequential dysregulated plasma levels of angiopoietins (ANG-2 and ratios of ANG-2/ANG-1) are associated with malaria severity and mortality among hospital admitted cases in South Bastar Region of Chhattisgarh, Central India

References

• World Health Organization (WHO). World malaria report. Geneva: world Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2020 Dec 8]. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565653.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:1–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor TE, Fu WJ, Carr RA, et al. Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts. Nat Med. 2004;10(2):143–145. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dondorp AM, Ince C, Charunwatthana P, et al. Direct in vivo assessment of microcirculatory dysfunction in severe falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(1):79–84. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiner J, Dorovini-Zis K, Taylor TE, et al. Correlation of hemorrhage, axonal damage, and blood-tissue barrier disruption in brain and retina of Malawian children with fatal cerebral malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2015;5:18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idro R, Marsh K, John CC, et al. Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome. Pediatr Res. 2010;68(4):267–274. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen PH, Morris-Jones S, Rønn A, et al. Increased plasma concentrations of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sELAM-1 in patients with Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax malaria and association with disease severity. Immunology. 1994;83(4):665–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollestelle MJ, Donkor C, Mantey EA, et al. von Willebrand factor propeptide in malaria: evidence of acute endothelial cell activation. Br J Haematol. 2006;133(5):562–569. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combes V, Taylor TE, Juhan-Vague I, et al. Circulating endothelial microparticles in Malawian children with severe falciparum malaria complicated with coma. JAMA. 2004;291(21):2542–2544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong AS, Wong KT, Leong TY, et al. The pathology of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2007;24(4):227–236. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WL, Liles WC. Endothelial activation, dysfunction and permeability during severe infections. Curr Opin Hematol. 2011;18(3):191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page AV, Liles WC. Biomarkers of endothelial activation/dysfunction in infectious diseases. Virulence. 2013;4(6):507–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovegrove FE, Tangpukdee N, Opoka RO, et al. Serum angiopoietin-1 and −2 levels discriminate cerebral malaria from uncomplicated malaria and predict clinical outcome in African children. PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4912. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo TW, Lampah DA, Gitawati R, et al. Angiopoietin-2 is associated with decreased endothelial nitric oxide and poor clinical outcome in severe falciparum malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(44):17097–17102. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain V, Lucchi NW, Wilson NO, et al. Plasma levels of angiopoietin-1 and −2 predict cerebral malaria outcome in Central India. Malar J. 2011;10:383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouma BJ, Bangirana P, Ssenkusu JM, et al. Plasma angiopoietin-2 is associated with age related deficits in cognitive sub-scales in Ugandan children following severe malaria. Malar J. 2021;20:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain V, Basak S, Bhandari S, et al. Burden of complicated malaria in a densely forested Bastar region of Chhattisgarh State (Central India). PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e115266. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP), 2011. Diagnosis and treatment of malaria in India. 1–15. Available at: https://nvbdcp.gov.in/Doc/Guidelines%20for%20Diagnosis2011.pdf. Accessed on 2020 May 12
   Google Scholar
• Grau GE, Fajardo LF, Piguet PF, et al. Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) as an essential mediator in murine cerebral malaria. Science. 1987;237(4819):1210–1212. 4. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas R, Juillard P, Decoster E, et al. Crucial role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 and membrane-bound TNF in experimental cerebral malaria. Eur J Immunol. 1997;27(7):1719–1725. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski D, Hill AV, Sambou I, et al. TNF concentration in fatal cerebral, non-fatal cerebral, and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet. 1990;336(8725):1201–1204. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campanella GS, Tager AM, El Khoury JK, et al. Chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10 are required for the development of murine cerebral malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(12):4814–4819. 25. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villaverde C, Namazzi R, Shabani E, et al. Retinopathy-Positive Cerebral Malaria is Associated With Greater Inflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown, and Neuronal Damage Than Retinopathy-Negative Cerebral Malaria. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020;9(5):580–586. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain V, Armah HB, Tongren JE, et al. Plasma IP-10, apoptotic and angiogenic factors associated with fatal cerebral malaria in India. Malar J. 2008;7:83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idro R, Jenkins NE, Newton CR. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and neurological outcome of cerebral malaria. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(12):827–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra SK, Mohanty S, Satpathy SK, et al. Cerebral malaria in adults -- a description of 526 cases admitted to Ispat General Hospital in Rourkela, India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2007;101(3):187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcus MJ, Basri H, Picarima H, et al. Demographic risk factors for severe and fatal vivax and falciparum malaria among hospital admissions in northeastern Indonesian Papua. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77(5):984–991. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dondorp AM, Desakorn V, Pongtavornpinyo W, et al. Estimation of the total parasite biomass in acute falciparum malaria from plasma PfHRP2. PLoS Med. 2005;2(8):e204. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubach MP, Mukemba J, Florence S, et al. Plasma Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 concentrations are associated with malaria severity and mortality in Tanzanian children. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35985. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson NO, Huang MB, Anderson W, et al. Soluble factors from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes induce apoptosis in human brain vascular endothelial and neuroglia cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2008;162(2):172–176. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramaglia I, Velez J, Combes V, et al. Platelets activate a pathogenic response to blood-stage Plasmodium infection but not a protective immune response. Blood. 2017;129(12):1669–1679. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canavese M, Spaccapelo R. Protective or pathogenic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as potential biomarker in cerebral malaria. Pathogen Glob Health. 2014;108(2):67–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhut M. The evidence for a role of vasospasm in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Malar J. 2015;14:405. [ 13].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhut M. Low angiopoietin-1 as a predisposing factor for cerebral vasospasm in cerebral malaria. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(12):3333–3334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrales P, Zanini GM, Meays D, et al. Murine cerebral malaria is associated with a vasospasm-like microcirculatory dysfunction, and survival upon rescue treatment is markedly increased by nimodipine. Am J Pathol. 2010;176(3):1306–1315. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan SY, Robert RR (2010 Sept 30). Regulations of endothelial barrier function. Morgan and Claypool Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Fagiani E, Christofori G. Angiopoietins in angiogenesis. Cancer Lett. 2013;328(1):18–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Meurs M, Kümpers P, Ligtenberg JJ, et al. Bench-to-bedside review: angiopoietin signalling in critical illness - a future target? Crit Care. 2009;13(2):207. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy AL, Lafferty EI, Lovegrove FE, et al. Whole blood angiopoietin-1 and −2 levels discriminate cerebral and severe (non-cerebral) malaria from uncomplicated malaria. Malar J. 2009;8:295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy AL, Glover SJ, Hawkes M, et al. Angiopoietin-2 levels are associated with retinopathy and predict mortality in Malawian children with cerebral malaria: a retrospective case-control study*. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(3):952–959. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oluboyo AO, Chukwu SI, Oluboyo BO, et al. Evaluation of Angiopoietins 1 and 2 in Malaria-Infected Children. J Environ Public Health. 2020:2169763 PMID: 32565839. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2169763
   Google Scholar
• de Jong GM, Slager JJ, Verbon A, et al. Systematic review of the role of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 in Plasmodium species infections: biomarkers or therapeutic targets? Malar J. 2016;15(1):581. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdman LK, Dhabangi A, Musoke C, et al. Combinations of host biomarkers predict mortality among Ugandan children with severe malaria: a retrospective case-control study. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e17440. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy AL, Phiri H, Hawkes M, et al. Endothelium-based biomarkers are associated with cerebral malaria in Malawian children: a retrospective case-control study. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e15291. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwers J, Noviyanti R, Fijnheer R, et al. Platelet activation determines angiopoietin-1 and VEGF levels in malaria: implications for their use as biomarkers. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e64850. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy AL, Hawkes M, McDonald CR, et al. Host Biomarkers Are Associated With Response to Therapy and Long-Term Mortality in Pediatric Severe Malaria. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(3):ofw134. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho LJ, Moreira Ada S, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, et al. Vascular dysfunction as a target for adjuvant therapy in cerebral malaria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2014;109(5):577–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu PK, Satpathi S, Behera PK, et al. Pathogenesis of cerebral malaria: new diagnostic tools, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2015;5:75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John CC, Park GS, Sam-Agudu N, et al. Elevated serum levels of IL-1ra in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria are associated with increased severity of disease. Cytokine. 2008;41(3):204–208. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukasz A, Hellpap J, Horn R, et al. Circulating angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 in critically ill patients: development and clinical application of two new immunoassays. Crit Care. 2008;12(4):R94. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar