Publication Cover
The New Bioethics
A Multidisciplinary Journal of Biotechnology and the Body
Volume 29, 2023 - Issue 2
990
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Toward a Standard of Medical Care: Why Medical Professionals Can Refuse to Prescribe Puberty Blockers

References

  • Baron, T., and Dierckxsens, G., 2022. Two dilemmas for medical ethics in the treatment of gender dysphoria in youth. Journal of medical ethics, 48, 603–607.
  • Becker-Hebly, I., Barkmann, C., Sievert, E., et al., 2021. Not social transition status, but peer relations and family functioning predict psychological functioning in a German clinical sample of children with gender dysphoria. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 26 (1), 79–95.
  • Biggs, M., 2019. A letter to the editor regarding the original article by Costa et al: psychological support, puberty suppression, and psychosocial functioning in adolescents with gender dysphoria. Journal of sexual medicine, 16, 2043.
  • Biggs, M., 2020. Puberty blockers and suicidality in adolescents suffering from gender dysphoria. Archives of sexual behavior, 49, 2227–2229.
  • Biggs, M., 2022. The Dutch protocol for juvenile transsexuals: origins and evidence. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 1–21.
  • Boorse, C., 1977. Health as a theoretical concept. Philosophy of science, 44 (4), 542–573.
  • Boorse, C., 2014. A second rebuttal on health. Journal of medicine and philosophy, 39, 683–724.
  • Card, R., 2017. The inevitability of assessing reasons in debates about conscientious objection in medicine. Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics, 26, 82–96.
  • Carmichael, P., Butler, G., Masic, U., et al., 2021. Short term outcomes of pubertal suppression in a selected cohort of 12 to 15 year old young people with persistent gender dysphoria. UK. PLoS ONE, 16 (2), e0243894. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243894.
  • Cheng, P.J., Pastuszak, A.W., Myers, J.B., et al., 2019. Fertility concerns of the transgender patient. Translational andrology and urology, 8 (3), 209–218.
  • Chew, D., Anderson, J., Williams, K., et al., 2018. Hormonal treatment in young people with gender dysphoria: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 141 (4), e20173742.
  • Costa, R., et al., 2015. Psychological support, puberty suppression, and psychosocial functioning in adolescents with gender dysphoria. Journal of sexual medicine, 12 (11), 2206–2214.
  • de Vries, A.L.C., et al., 2014. Young adult pyschology outcome after puberty supression and gender reassignment. Pediatrics, 134 (4), 1–9.
  • Eberl, J., 2019. Protecting reasonable conscientious refusals in health care. Theoretical medicine and bioethics, 40, 565–581.
  • Einstein, G., 2008. From body to brain: considering the neurobiological effects of female genital cutting. Perspectives in biology and medicine, 51 (1), 89–90.
  • Fisher, B., 1973. Cooperative clinical trials in primary breast cancer: A critical appraisal. Cancer, 31 (5), 1271–1286.
  • Hershenov, D., 2020. Pathocentric health care and a minimal internal morality of medicine. Journal of medicine and philosophy, 45, 16–27.
  • Hershenov, D., 2021. Conscientious objection or an internal morality of medicine? Christian bioethics, 27 (1), 104–121.
  • Hruz, P., 2020. Deficiencies in scientific evidence for medical management of gender dysphoria. The linacre quarterly, 87 (1), 34–42.
  • Klink, D., et al., 2015. Bone mass in young adulthood following gonadotropin releasing hormone analog treatment and cross-sex hormone treatment in adolescents with gender dysphoria. Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 100 (2), 270–275.
  • Kulesa, R., 2022. A defense of conscientious objection: why health is integral to the permissibility of medical refusals. Bioethics, 36 (1), 54–62.
  • Laidlaw, M., Cretella, M., and Donovan, G., 2019. The right to best care for children does not include the right to medical transition. American journal of bioethics, 19 (2), 75–77.
  • Latham, A., 2022. Puberty blockers for children: can they consent? The new bioethics, 28 (3), 268–291.
  • Mahfouda, S, et al., 2019. Gender affirming hormones and surgery in transgender children and adolescents. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 7, 484–498.
  • Moffett, P., and Moore, G., 2011. The standard of care: legal history and definitions: the bad and good news. The western journal of emergency medicine, 12 (1), 109–112.
  • Pellegrino, E., 2001. The internal morality of clinical medicine: A paradigm for the ethics of the helping and healing professions. Journal of medicine and philosophy, 26 (6), 559–579.
  • Refaat, A., 2009. Medicalization of female genital cutting in Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean health journal, 15 (6), 1379–1388.
  • Rich, B., 2015. Your morality, my mortality: conscientious objection and the standard of care. Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics, 24, 214–230.
  • Richards, C., Maxwell, J., and McCune, N., 2019. Use of puberty blockers for gender dysphoria: A momentous step in the dark. Archives of disease in childhood, 1.
  • Ristori, J., and Steensma, T.D., 2016. Gender dysphoria in childhood. International review of psychiatry, 28 (1), 13–20.
  • Roy, A., Roy, A., and Roy, M., 2012. The human rights of women with intellectual disability. Journal of the royal society of medicine, 105 (9), 384–389.
  • Savulescu, J., 2001. Procreative beneficence. Bioethics, 15 (5/6), 413–426.
  • Savulescu, J., 2006. Conscientious objection in medicine. BMJ, 332, 294–297.
  • Schuklenk, U., 2015. Conscientious objection in medicine: private ideological convictions must not supersede public service obligations. Bioethics, 29 (5), ii–iii.
  • Schuklenk, U., 2019. Conscious-Based refusal of patient care in medicine: A consequentialist analysis. Theoretical medicine and bioethics, 40, 523–538.
  • Schuklenk, U., and Savulescu, J., 2017. Doctors have no right to refuse medical assistance in dying, abortion or contraception. Bioethics, 31 (3), 162–170.
  • Schuklenk, U., and Smalling, R., 2017. Why medical professionals have no moral claim to conscientious objection accommodation in liberal democracies. Journal of medical ethics, 43, 234–240.
  • Shell-Duncan, B., Njue, C., Moore, Z., 2017. The medicalization of female genital mutilation/cutting: what do the data reveal? Evidence to end FGM/C: research to help women thrive. New York: Population Council 2017, i–29.
  • Teelin, K.L., Shubkin, C.D., and Caruso Brown, A.E., 2022. Conscientious objection to providing gender health care in pediatric training: balancing the vulnerability of transgender youth and the vulnerability of pediatric residents. The journal of pediatrics, 240, 272–279.
  • Turban, J.L., King, D., Carswell, J.M., et al., 2020. Pubertal suppression for transgender youth and risk of suicidal ideation. Pediatrics, 145 (2), e20191725.
  • Wakefield, J., 1992. The concept of mental disorder: on the boundaries between biological facts and values. American psychologist, 47 (3), 373–388.
  • Weirich, P. 2020. Causal decision theory. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.